Exp 1: Physical Properties of Organic Solvents Flashcards
Describe some properties of a solvent.
- how miscible it is with water
- what the density is
- what the boiling point is
- what other kinds of molecule it will dissolve
What properties of a liquid determine whether it is water-miscible?
- whether or not the molecular forces in the solvent are similar to the molecular forces in water
- the more similar IMFs are to those between water molecules (hydrogen bonds) the more likely it is that the solvent will dissolve in water
Which solvents are water-miscible?
- Acetone
- Ethanol
- Water
Which solvents are immiscible with water?
- DCM
- EtOAc
- Hexane
- MTBE
- Toluene
Which solvents have intermediate boiling points?
- Hexane
- EtOAc
- Ethanol
Which organic solvents are more dense than water?
- DCM
Which solvents have low boiling points?
- Acetone
- DCM
- MTBE
Which solvents have high boiling points?
- Water
- Toluene
If atmospheric pressure is increased, how is boiling point affected?
Boiling point is increased.
The degree of solubility of organic compounds is typically a function of solvent ___________.
volume
What is the dielectric constant?
- a physical measurement of how a substance interacts with an electric field
- can be used to compare the polarity of different solvents
- a measure of a solvent’s insulating ability/ability to balance part of the solute’s charge when it comes to the interaction with a molecule’s formal or partial charge
What is a hydrogen bond donor?
A hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom
- Ex. OH, NH, SH
What is a hydrogen bond acceptor
- each electronegative atom attached to a H
How do you count hydrogen bond donors?
- count the Hydrogens on electronegative atoms
How do you count hydrogen bond acceptors?
- count the number of non-bonded/lone pairs on the electronegative atoms
- this includes, ethers, esters, carbonyls
- do not count amide nitrogens, unless they are primary amides or anilines
- LPs in sp2 orbitals are almost always HBAs
What is the structure of acetone?
What is the structure of DCM?
What is the structure of Ethanol?
W
What is the structure of EtOAc?
What is the structure of hexane?
What is the structure of MTBE?
What is the structure of toluene?
What is the polarity of acetone?
intermediate polar
What is the polarity of DCM?
Intermediate
