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Dermatology 2 > Exotics dermatology > Flashcards

Exotics dermatology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

Describe the appearance of normal moulting in rabbits

A
  • Usually twice a year
  • Large areas of fur loss
  • New fur often different shade or colour
  • Rule out disease by demonstrating new hair growth with no scurf or parasites
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2
Q

Explain how moulting in rabbits can lead to disease

A

Rabbits ingest a lot of the moulted fur which can lead to GI obstruction in some cases

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3
Q

List common sites for dermatitis in rabbits and give the common causes

A
  • Face: epiphora due to dental disease
  • Dewlap: obesity, dental disease, water bowls
  • Medial forelimbs: epiphora, nasal discharge
  • Perineum: urine scald, caecotroph build up, excessive skin folds, obesity, dental disease, DJD
  • Hocks: rex, obesity, poor hygiene, stress
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4
Q

Why are rex rabbits more prone to hock dermatitis?

A

Reduced guard hairs on feet

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5
Q

What are the common causes of otitis externa in rabbits?

A
  • Lop ears
  • Hindlimb disease/amputation
  • Psoroptes cuniculi
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6
Q

Explain why lop ears can cause otitis externa

A

Deformed ear canal preventing wax coming out of the ear

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7
Q

What are thick crusts on the ear of a rabbit with severe pain pathognomic for?

A

Psoroptes cuniculi

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8
Q

Outline the treatment of Psoroptes cuniculi

A
  • Do not remove debris, too painful
  • Ivermectin, selamectin very effective
  • NB: Live up to 21 days off host
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9
Q

Name the flea of rabbits that commonly affect the

a: ear
b: dorsum and rump

A

A: Spiopsyllus cuniculi
B: Ctenocephalides canis and felis

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10
Q

What is the importance of rabbit fleas?

A

Important vectors of myxomatosis and viral haemorrhagic disease

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11
Q

Describe the treatment of flea infestation in rabbits

A
  • Imidacloprid (Advantage) licensed
  • Selamectin and ivermectin effective, but not licensed
  • Fipronil causes fatalities
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12
Q

Name the mites that commonly affect rabbits

A
  • Leporacus gibbus (surface)
  • Cheyletiella parasitivorax (surface)
  • Demodex cuniculi (deep)
  • Sarcoptes scabiei (surface)
  • Trombicula autumnalis (surface)
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13
Q

Describe the appearance and clinical signs of Leporacus gibbus in rabbits

A
  • Live on hair shafts, just visible to naked eye as salt and pepper appearance
  • Usually asymptomatic but can cause pruritus
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14
Q

Describe the common appearance of Cheyletiella in rabbits

A
  • Usually between shoulders and along dorsum
  • Large amounts of scurf
  • Often causes pruritus
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15
Q

What are 2 important considerations when dealing with a rabbit infested with Cheyletiella?

A
  • Zoonotic

- Can live off host for 10 days

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16
Q

Describe the appearance and prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei in rabbits

A
  • Pruritic lesions on face, neck and genitalia

- Very rare in UK

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17
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Demodex cuniculi in the rabbit

A

Usually asymptomatic

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18
Q

Describe the clinical signs and importance of Trombicula autumnalis in the rabbit

A
  • Predilection for ears, feet, perineum
  • May cause hypersensitivity reactions
  • May be vector for myxomatosis
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19
Q

Describe the importance of Haemodipsus ventricosus in rabbits

A
  • Sucking louse
  • More common in unhygienic conditions
  • May be a vector for myxomatosis
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20
Q

Explain the cause of myiasis in rabbits

A
  • Poor husbandry or other underlying reason
  • Flies attracted to wounds, faeces, urine and discharges
  • Maggots cause extensive tissue destruction and eat live tissue
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21
Q

How can myiasis in rabbits be prevented?

A
  • Daily monitoring in healthy rabbits usually enough
  • Can use preventative treatment such as pyrethroids, cyromazine (RearGuard) or permethrin (Xenex Ultra spot on)
  • Address underlying cause
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22
Q

Outline the treatment of myiasis in rabbits

A
  • Fluid therapy
  • Analgesia
  • Antibiotics
  • Prokinetics
  • Clipping and cleansing wound
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23
Q

What agent causes rabbit syphilis?

A

Treponema cuniculi (spirochete)

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24
Q

How is rabbit syphilis spread?

A

Copulation and close contact e.g. communal water bowls

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25
Q

Describe the appearance of rabbit syphilis

A

Crusting lesions of mucocutaneous junction of nose, lips, eyelids, genitalia and anus

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26
Q

Outline the diagnosis of rabbit syphilis

A
  • Test often gives false negatives
  • Lesions are suggestive
  • Serology, cytology and histopathology
  • Silver staining techniques required
  • Response to treatment with penicillin
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27
Q

Describe dermatophytosis in rabbits (pathogens, lesions, treatment)

A
  • T. mentagrophytes and M canis
  • Zoonosis
  • Young more susceptible
  • Lesions often confined to pinna and feet
  • Topical miconazole or clotrimazole or oral itraconazole usually effective
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28
Q

Describe papillomas in rabbits (location and treatment)

A
  • Rectoanal junction and oral mucosa
  • May resolve spontaneously
  • Surgery if causing problems
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29
Q

List the cutaneous neoplasias that are common in rabbits

A
  • Fibrosarcoma
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Lymphoma
  • Mammary gland adenocarcinoma
  • uterine adenocarcinoma
  • Osteosarcoma
30
Q

Outline the diagnosis of neoplasia in rabbits

A
  • Cytology
  • Biopsy
  • Screen for metastasis
31
Q

How is myxomatosis spread?

A
  • Insect vectors
  • Direct contact
  • Inhalation
32
Q

Describe the clinical signs of typical myxomatosis

A
  • Oedematous thickened eyelids, lips, ears, perineum, genitalia
  • Death
  • Early signs can resemble acute pasteurellosis, but oedema of perineum is pathognomic
33
Q

How may cutaneous myxomatosis occur?

A

If rabbit has some immunity to the virus, often recover from this form

34
Q

Describe the clinical signs and prognosis of cutaneous (atypical) myxomatosis

A
  • Scabs around ear, nose, mouth

- Treatable, euthanasia not usually required

35
Q

List the common dermatological diseases of guinea pigs

A
  • Hypovitaminosis C
  • Alopecia
  • Chewing lice
  • Scent gland disease
  • Cervical lymphadenitis
  • Cheilitis
  • Pododermatitis
  • Trichofollliculoma
36
Q

Describe the signs and importance of hypovitaminosis C in guinea pigs

A
  • Alopecia, gingivitis, swollen painful joints

- May predispose to other skin ndiseases

37
Q

List potential causes of alopecia in guinea pigs

A
  • Gestation/lactation
  • Cystic ovary
  • Mites
  • Dermatophytosis
38
Q

Describe the occurrence cystic ovaries in guinea pigs

A
  • Common in sows >18mo

- Often incidental finding

39
Q

Describe the clinical signs of cystic ovaries in guinea pigs

A
  • Bilateral symmetrical alopecia if increases hormones

- Abdominal discomfort, gut stasis, anorexia

40
Q

How are cystic ovaries in guinea pigs diagnosed?

A

Usually palpation, can use ultrasound if unsure

41
Q

Outline the treatment of cystic ovaries in guinea pigs

A
  • Prolonged disease progression, risk of death under anaesthesia if too far along
  • Ovariohysterectomy teatment of choice
  • Percutaneous drainage followed by hCG or GnRh may give some relief if surgery is not an option
42
Q

Describe the clinical signs of trixicarus caviae in guinea pigs

A

Intense pruritus that may result in seizures when handled

43
Q

Name the chewing lice of guinea pigs

A
  • Gliricola porcelli

- Gyropus ovalis

44
Q

What diseases of the scent glands are common in guinea pigs?

A

Infection, neoplasia, hyperplasia

45
Q

What is the agent that causes cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs?

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

46
Q

What causes cheilitis in guinea pigs?

A

Pox virus, acidic or abrasive food

47
Q

What causes pododermatitis in guinea pigs?

A

Poor husbandry, old age, underlying disease, foot pad hyperkeratosis, overgrown claws

48
Q

What is a trichofolliculoma?

A

A common benign neoplasm that may grow very large if left untreated

49
Q

List the differential diagnoses for rabbit syphilis

A
  • Atypical myxomatosis
  • Neoplasia
  • Trauma
  • Pyoderma
50
Q

What is the main cause of skin disease in captive reptiles?

A

Deficiencies in husbandry

- Most common: hypovitaminosis A, incorrect humidity, inappropriate temperature

51
Q

What is dysecdysis?

A

Poor shedding of skin

52
Q

Which reptiles shed skin as a whole piece, and which shed skin piecemeal?

A
  • Snakes and some lizards (e.g.. geckos) shed whole skin
  • Chelonia and some lizards (e.g. bearded dragons) shed piecemeal
  • Tortoise only shed skin on head and legs
  • Terrapins shed skin over shell
53
Q

Why might loss of digits and tail tips occur with dysecdysis?

A

Formation of constricting bands causing ischaemic necrosis

54
Q

How may blindness occur as a result of dysecdysis?

A

Failure to shed spectacle in species that have these

55
Q

How may rostral abrasions occur as a result of dysecdysis?

A

If snakes lack rough surface on which to initiate ecdysis will rub excessively to open skin, leading to excoriations

56
Q

What may cause frequent ecdysis?

A
  • Very species specific
  • Skin parasites
  • Rarely hyperthyroidism in some lizards
  • In other lizards and snakes is due to hypothyroidism
  • In some can be either
57
Q

Outline the treatment of retained spectacles in snakes

A
  • Moisturise and emollient over period of weeks

- Very gentle rubbing, no pulling as will remove normal spectacle

58
Q

Compare the production of vitamin A in reptile species

A
  • Some need preformed vit A (e.g. Chameleons)

- Others need beta-carotene to cleave themselves

59
Q

Describe the presentation of hypovitaminosis A in lizards

A
  • Blepharospasm due to collection of sub-palpebral debris

- Impacted hemipenes

60
Q

Describe the presentation of hypovitaminosis A in terrapins and give an important differential

A
  • Palpebral oedema
  • Hyperkeratosis
  • Ear abscesses
  • Differential: Pseudomonas
61
Q

What pathogens are common causes of bacterial infections in reptiles?

A
  • Often Gram -ve rods

- e.g. Klebsiella, E. coli, Psuedomonas spp

62
Q

Describe the clinical signs of bacterial infection in reptiles

A
  • Septic blush (hyperaemia and capillary damage)
  • Cutaneous vesicles
  • Abscesses
  • May extend to bone resulting in osteomyelitis
63
Q

Compare pus in reptiles to that of mammals

A

In reptiles, is usually solid and required excision

64
Q

What is SCUD and describe how this may present

A
  • Septicaemic cutaneous ulcerative disease in aquatic chelonia
  • Discolouration and lifting of scutes on shell
65
Q

What is the primary dermatomycosis of reptiles?

A

Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriessii (CANV)

66
Q

Describe fungal infections of reptiles

A
  • Often opportunistic and secondary to poor husbandry and immune compromise
  • Include Aspergillus, Fusarium, Microsporum, Candida and Saprolegnia
67
Q

Describe CANV of reptiles, including disease process and treatment

A
  • Aka “yellow fungus disease” due to gross appearance of some lesions in bearded dragons
  • Contagious, may spread to major organs resulting in death
  • Itraconazole effective in some cases
68
Q

Describe the lesions of CANV in Green Anacondas

A

Small, off-white and vesicular

69
Q

Outline the importance of parasites in reptiles

A
  • Wild caught may harbour ticks, mites, nematods, cestodes and pentastomids
  • Captive bred tend to suffer from fewer skin parasites
  • Implicated in spread of some viral diseases such as IBD
70
Q

Give an example of a skin parasite of snakes and some lizards

A

Ophionyssus natricus

Dermatology 2 (23 decks)

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