Exotic Animal Care - Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
With birds, oxygen exchange occurs on _______
A
inspiration
2
Q
Expiration _________ a bird’s oxygen use
A
increases
3
Q
Birds have _________ respiratory cycles
A
2
4
Q
Why do birds have 2 respiratory cycles?
A
needed for air to completely flow through air sacs
5
Q
What happens on a bird’s first inhalation?
A
air flows through the trachea & mainly into the posterior(rear) air sacs
6
Q
What hapens on a bird’s first exhalation?
A
air moves from the posterior(rear) air sacs and into the lungs
7
Q
What happens on a bird’s second inspiration?
A
air moves from the lungs into the anterior(front) air sacs
8
Q
What happens on a bird’s second expiration?
A
airs moves from anterior(front) air sacs back to trachea and out
9
Q
Feathers are made of _________
A
keratin
10
Q
Birds have ______ along with small rigid lungs
A
air sacs
11
Q
Birds lack a _______ for breathing
A
diaphragm
12
Q
How do birds breathe with no diaphragm?
A
chest moves up & down by relying on muscles movement & pressure changes in air sacs
13
Q
A bird’s trachea is _______________
A
larger than mammals for more air intake
14
Q
Most of a bird’s head is a ________
A
sinus
15
Q
T or F: Smell is more important than sight in birds
A
false
16
Q
Cere
A
area at base of upper beak that surrounds nostrils
17
Q
Which bones are the heaviest in birds?
A
leg bones
18
Q
Hollow bones have ______ to add strength
A
criss-crossing “struts”
19
Q
Lack of prominent keel bone is used to evaluate a birds ________
A
Body Condition Score/BCS
20
Q
Keel bone
A
extension of sternum & provides flight muscle attachment
21
Q
T or F: The bilobed uropygial gland is absent in birds like amazon parrots & hyacinths macaw
A
true
22
Q
Bilobed Uropygial
A
(preen) gland that helps birds waterproof themselves
23
Q
2 important glands in a bird
A
Bilobed Uropygial gland
ear gland
24
Q
T or F: Bird feet don’t have thick skin & scales
A
false
25
How thin is Avian skin?
2-4 cell layers thick (similar to human eyelids)
26
Rachis
upper portion of feather shaft - barbs are attached to this
27
Barbs
Branches off rachis which form the vane
28
Afterfeather
downy lower barbs of feather
29
Downy Barbs
soft barbs used for warmth
30
Calamus Shaft
hollow part of shaft that attaches feather to follicle
31
Vane
flattened part of the feather
32
T or F: Once a feather has mature the blood supply is sealed off
true
33
T or F: New fleathers can't bleed
false - these are called pin/blood feathers which can be fatal if broken
34
The barbs of a feather have _______ that hook into each other
barbules
35
The rachis has what attached to it?
small barbs
36
The main shaft of a feather is called ________
rachis
37
T or F: Feathers lay in tracts
true
38
Feathers are formed in tiny _____ of the ______
follicles, epidermis
39
Pygostyle typically supports what? (birds)
tail feathers
40
Where do primaries originate from? (birds)
carpus, metacarpus & pygostyle
41
6 parts of feather anatomy
Calamus shaft
Downy barb
Afterfeather
Rachis
Barb
Vane
42
Four feather types
primaries
pygostyle
secondaries
contour
43
Primaries
wing remiges & tail rectrices
44
Pygostyle
triangular plate formed of caudal & vertebrae - supports the tail feathers
45
Secondaries
large feathers that radiate from radius & ulna
46
Contour
feathers that cover body/wings/tail
47
What are feathers used for?
flight
insulation/thermoregulation
protection
attracting a mate
48
What is keratin?
fibrous structural protein
49
Eating of feces or dung
coprophagy
50
Best combination for rabbit bonding?
altered male & female
51
Dewlaps
loose skin that hangs under a intact sexually matured female rabbit's neck
52
Is a ferret a carnivore, omnivore or herbivore?
carnivore
53
Are vaccinations required for a ferret?
yes - canine distemper & rabies
54
Some health issues with ferrets
fatal anemia
cancer
heart disease
epizootic catarrhal entritis
55
Rodent
gnawing animals that have continously growing incisors(hypselodonty)
56
Why is it important to NOT lift a mouse/rat by the tail?
this cause their tail to slough off / sloughing
57
Are mice/rats carnivores, herbivores or omnivores?
omnivores
58
How can we determine whether a mouse/rat is a male/female?
distance between the anus & genitalia
59
Why are rats used in laboratory settings?
all disease-linked human genes are duplicated in rats
60
Why shouldn't 2 white chinchillas be bred together?
25% chance of getting a homozygous fetus = fetus WILL die
61
Are chinchillas carnivores, herbivores or omnivores?
herbivores
62
Something in male chinchillas owners should know about
fur ring around penis
63
Malocclusion
misalignment of teeth when jaw is closed
64
Grunting/growling/charging in rabbits
angry
threatened
territorial
may bite
65
Feet circling in rabbits
indicates love
originally courtship behaviour
way of asking for attention
66
Thumping/stomping in rabbits
frightened/threatened
mad
irritated
warning others of danger
67
Things we can do to minimize stress in rabbits during a vet visit
seperate waiting rooms
change into clean scrubs
rabbit should be in their travel cage
non-slip surfaces
68
T or F: Rabbits can have the same ectoparasites as cats & dogs
true
69
A zoonotic disease both rodents & rabbits have
ringworm
70
What are considered rabbit emergencies?
anorexia
diarrhea
presence of cecotropes
71
T or F: It's easier to bond rabbits when intact
false
72
Why should rabbits be neutered?
prevents testicular cancer
reduces urine marking
decreases urine smell
73
Uterine Adenocarcinoma
uterine cancer - cancer of the uterus
74
Why should rabbits be spayed?
Prevents false pregnancies
prevents uterine adenocarcinoma
prevents pyometra
75
Why shouldn't rabbits be fasted pre surgery?
can't vomit
can cause GI stasis - fatal
76
A dewlap & its use
loose skin that hangs under a intact mature female rabbits chin that's plucked for nest lining
77
When can rabbits breed after giving birth?
24 hours
78
Rabbits are _________ ovulators
induced
79
Common cause of malocclusion in rabbits
improper diet
80
Treats should make up ____% of a rabbits diet
0-5%
81
Pellets should make up ____% of a rabbits diet
0-10%
82
Veggies should make up ____% of a rabbits diet
8-10%
83
Hay should make up ______% of a rabbits diet
80-85%
84
T or F: Rabbits should be fasted for surgery
false
85
Why can't rabbits vomit?
lack of gag reflex
thin & weak diaphragm
incapable of reverse peristalsis
86
Why we avoid the elizabethan collars on rabbits
because rabbits need to eat their cecotropes
87
Why do rabbits need to eat their cecotropes?
to obtain further nutritional value
88
Second type of rabbit poop produced by the cecum
cecotropes
89
T or F: Cecum comprises 40% of total GI capacity
true
90
Type of digestive system a rabbit has
hind-gut fermenters
91
Is a rabbit a carnivore, omnivore or herbivore?
herbivore
92
T or F: Rabbits have a high bone to muscle ratio
false - only 8% of their body weight is bone
93
Location of rabbit eyes & why
sides of their head - prey animal so a wide vision range is needed
94
5 rabbit breeds
angora
lionhead
holland lop
dwarf
rex rabbit
95
Difference between a rabbit & hare
rabbits: altricial - born without fur, ears/eyes closed
hares: precocial - born fully furred, ears/eyes open
96
Difference between a lagomorph & rodent
lagomorphs: two pair of incisors
rodent: one pair of incisors
97
Lagomorphs
rabbits
98
Can rabbits be litter trained?
yes
99
Tonic Immobility
state of motor inhibition that can happen in prey animals, like paralysis - fear response
100
Main trigger of tonic immobility in rabbits
lying them on their backs
101
Best way to restrain a ferret
scruffing
102
Issue with ferrets in pet stores coming from 2 farms
small gene pool - lots of health issues
103
Original purpose of ferrets
ability to hunt rabbits & control the rodent population
104
Nocturnal
most active at night
105
Diurnal
most active during the day
106
Crepuscular
most active at dawn & dusk
107
Total teeth amount of rabbits
16 deciduous, 28 total
108
What is fur-slip?
chinchillas release a large patch of fur in response to being roughly grabbed
109
Why shouldn't we bathe chinchillas?
fur takes too long to dry - opens up chinchilla to fungal infection
110
Type of bath appropriate for a chinchilla
dust bath
111
Chinchilla offspring, like hares, are _______
precocial
112
Rabbit chinning
a rabbits way of claiming territoty - chin has scent glands
113
Most difficult combination for rabbit bonding
2 females
114
Why're cedar & pine shavings advised against for small animals?
contain aerosols toxic to the liver & lungs
115
Purpose of porphyrin in rats
lubrication & phermones
116
Most common chinchilla colour
standard grey
117
Rat-free province
alberta
118
Type of hay to NOT feed adult rabbits & why
Alfalfa hay - calcium phosphorous ratio increases urinary stones/bladder sludge
119
What age of rabbits can eat alfalfa hay?
udner 4 months old
120
Why is hay important for a rabbits diet?
wears down teeth
promotes GI health
121
Mus Musculus
common house mouse
122
When does a mouse reach puberty?
4-6 weeks old
123
Gestation period for mice
19-21 days
124
How long after parturition can a female mouse enter estrus?
24 hours
125
Whitten effect
when a group of female mice are exposed
to a male, the majority of the females will
enter estrus on the third night
126
Bruce effect
pregnant female will terminate
pregnancy if exposed to new male
within 48 hours of original
copulation
127
Rattus Norvegicus Domestica
name for a rat
128
Hob
intact male ferret
129
Jill
intact female ferret
130
Gib
neutered male ferret
131
Sprite
spayed female ferret
132
Kit
young ferret/rabbit
133
Kindling
giving birth to ferrets/rabbits
134
Buck
intact male rabbit
135
Doe
intact female rabbit
136
Lapin
neutered male rabbit
137
Herd
group of rabbits
138
Cavy/Cavia
guinea pig
139
Boar
intact male guinea pig
140
Sow
intact female guinea pig
141
Murine
mice
142
Rattus
rats
143
Sire
intact male mouse/rat
144
Dam
intact female mouse/rat
145
Pup
young mouse/rat
146
Rabbit dental formula
2(I 2/1, C 0/0, P3/2, M 3/3)
