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unit 6: microanatomy > Exocrine Glands > Flashcards

Exocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

How do exocrine glands develop?

A

Develop as invaginations of surface epithelium (connective tissue induction)

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2
Q

How do glands connect to the surface?

A

Via ducts

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3
Q

What is the structural organization of exocrine glands?

A

Secretory portions and conducting portions

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the conducting portion of the gland?

A

Modify secretory products by absorption

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5
Q

Describe the secretory portion of exocrine glands:

A

Acinar or tubular

Branched or unbranched

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6
Q

What is an acinus?

A

Berry like cluster of cells with a central lumen

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7
Q

Can the conducting portion have secretory function?

A

Yes, in some glands

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8
Q

Is the conducting portion of exocrine glands branched or unbranched?

A

Both

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9
Q

What are the three classifications of exocrine glands?

A

Single cell glands
Simple glands
Compound glands

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10
Q

Describe the secretory/ conducting portions of the simple glands:

A

Single unbranched duct

Secretory portion can be branched or unbranched

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11
Q

Describe the secretory/ conducting portions of the compound glands:

A

Multiple branched ducts

Secretory portion can be acinar, tubular or tubuloacinar

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12
Q

What are the types of secretions?

A

Holocrine, Apocrine, Merocrine

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13
Q

Describe holocrine secretion and give an example:

A

Lysis of cells filled with secretory product

Example: Sebaceous glands of skin

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14
Q

Describe apocrine secretion and give an example:

A

Shedding of apical cell segment filled with secretory product

Example: Mammary glands

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15
Q

Describe merocrine secretion and give an example:

A

Exocytosis of proteins/ glycoproteins

Example: Sweat glands, salivary glands

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16
Q

What are the cell types in the glandular epithelium of merocrine glands?

A

Serous cells, mucous cells, myoepithelial cells

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17
Q

Which merocrine gland cells stain well with H & E?

A

Serous cells stain well…Mucous cells do not stain well

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18
Q

What merocrine gland cells can be stained with PAS stain?

A

Mucous cells

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19
Q

In serous cells and mucous cells, what is in the basal portion and what is in the apical portion?

A

Basal: RER and Golgi

Apical: secretory vesilces

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20
Q

In the glandular epithelium of merocrine glands, where are myoepithelial cells?

A

Found between basal lamina and secretory or duct cells

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21
Q

Which cells have actomyosin rich processes that surround epithelial cells?

A

Myoepithelial cells

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22
Q

How are ions and fluids transported across glandular epithelium?

A

Ion channels and pumps

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23
Q

What type of glands are goblet cells?

A

Unicellular glands

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24
Q

What areas are goblet cells found in?

A

Small intestine and respiratory epithelium of the trachea

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25
Q

What are three examples of multicellular simple glands?

A

Sebaceous glands

Eccrine sweat glands

Apocrine sweat glands

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26
Q

Describe sebaceous glands:

A

Simple branched acinar glands that are a pear shaped accumulation of cells

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27
Q

What type of secretion do sebaceous glands have?

A

Holocrine

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28
Q

Hoe doe sebocytes form?

A

Basal layer of cells that proliferates and different into seboytes

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29
Q

What clinical condition is associated with increased sebaceous gland activity?

A

Acne

Hair follicle becomes plugged and skin bacteria break sebum into free fatty acid. Fatty acids cause irritation and inflammation which attracts neutrophils

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30
Q

What type of secretion do eccrine sweat glands have?

A

Merocrine

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31
Q

Where are eccrine glands found?

A

the dermis

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32
Q

Describe eccrine glands:

A

Simple, coiled tubular glands

33
Q

What is the function of eccrine glands?

A

Thermoregulation and excretory

34
Q

What are the cell types in the secretory coil of eccrine glands?

A

Pale cells, Dark cells, myoepithelial cells

35
Q

What is the function of pale cells?

A

Secrete fluid

36
Q

What is the function of dark cells?

A

Secrete proteins

37
Q

Which cells possess microvilli and inctraceluar caniculi….dark or pale?

A

pale

38
Q

What is the function of sweat ducts?

A

Reabsorb Na+ and Cl-

39
Q

Where are apocrine sweat ducts located?

A

Axillsry, areolar and perianal regions

40
Q

Which type of glands are associated with hair shafts?

A

Apocrine

41
Q

Describe apocrine glands:

A

Simple coiled glands with large lumen

42
Q

What type of secretion do apocrine glands have?

A

Merocrine secretion

43
Q

Which glands secret pheromones?

A

apocrine

44
Q

What stimulates apocrine glands?

A

Adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system

45
Q

What are two examples of multicellular compound glands?

A

Salivary glands

Exocrine pancreas

46
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Moisten and lubricate, initiate digestion of carbohydrates, immune defense (Lysozyme, lactoferrin and sIgA)

47
Q

What is found in the connectve tissue stroma contain?

A

Capillary plexi, nerves that control secretion, lymphocytes and plasma cells

48
Q

What does the parenchyma of salivary glands contain?

A

secretory acini/ tubules, intercalated ducts and intralobular ducts

49
Q

What type of cells are found in the acini of salivary glands?

A

Serous cells, mucous cells, and myoepithelial cells

50
Q

What doe the serous cells of salivary gland acini secrete and absorb?

A

Secrete sIGA and bicarb

Absorb Cl-

51
Q

How big are intralobular ducts?

A

greater than 6 cells in circumference

52
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Small (4-6 cells in circumfrence) connections that connect the secretory portion to the intralobular ducts

53
Q

What type of epithelium is found in intralobular ducts?

A

simple columnar epithelium

54
Q

Describe the flow of secretions from salivary glands:

A

1- Acini
2- intercalated ducts
3- intralobular ducts
4- interlobular ducts

55
Q

What type of epithelium does interlobular ducts have?

A

stratified cuboidal to columnar

56
Q

How is sIGA secreted in salivary secretions?

A

Plasma cells secrete IgA

Serous cells and intralobular duct cells produce IgA receptors

Transcytosis of IgA into lumen of gland

Proteolysis produces sIgA

57
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Submandibular gland, parotid gland, sublingual gland

58
Q

Describe the type of gland the submandibular gland is?

A

Compound tuboacinar gland

59
Q

What type of acini do submandibular glands have?

A

Serous and mucous acini with some mixed acini with serous demilunes

60
Q

What type of intralobular ducts do submandibular glands have?

A

striated intralobular ducts

61
Q

Describe the type of gland the parotid gland is?

A

compound acinar gland

62
Q

What does parotid glands secrete?

A

amylase and other proteins

63
Q

What does submandibular glands secrete?

A

Proteins (namely lysozyme)

64
Q

Descrive the intercalated ducts and intralobular ducts of parotid glands:

A

Intercalated ducts are long and intralobular ducts are striated

65
Q

What type of acini do parotid glands have?

A

serous acini

66
Q

Describe the type of gland the sublingal gland is?

A

compound tuboacinar gland

67
Q

What type of acini do sublingual glands have?

A

Musous acini with some mixed acini with serous demilunes

68
Q

Describe the intralobular ducts of sublingual ducts:

A

Not striated

69
Q

Reduced function of salivary glands can lead to….

A

Dental caries, oral mucosa atrophy and speech difficulties

70
Q

Describe salivary tumors:

A

80% are benign

65% of the benign tumors are pleiomorphic adenomas that lead to the accumulation of cartilage like material produced by myoepithelial cells

71
Q

What type of gland is the exocrine pancreas?

A

compound acinar gland

72
Q

What do the septa of the exocrine pancreas contain?

A

Blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and ducts

73
Q

What do the secretory products of the exocrine pancreas contain?

A

Digestive enzymes (lipases, nucleases, amylases)

Bicarb (to neutralize stomach acid)

74
Q

What is a diagnostic feature of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

75
Q

What is found in the apical half of exocrine pancreas serous acini cells?

A

Zymogenic granules

76
Q

What stimulates the secretion of exocrine pancreas serous acini?

A

CCK

77
Q

What type of cells produce bicarb in the exocrine pancreas?

A

Intercalated duct cells, intralobular duct cells and interlobular duct cells

78
Q

What is representative of the ENDOCRIN pancreas?

A

The islets of langerhans cells

79
Q

What is an aenocarcinoma?

A

malignant tumors of glandular epithelia

some of the most common tumors in adults

unit 6: microanatomy (5 decks)

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