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unit 6: microanatomy > endocrine glands > Flashcards

endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

are there ducts in the endocrine glands? how do they get things into circulation then?

A

no, but they are highly vascularized

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2
Q

what does it mean if a hormone is a paracrine?

A

it acts on neighboring cells

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3
Q

what does the prefix “adeno” mean?

A

grandular

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4
Q

within the endocrine glands, where are the hormones stored?

A

in intracellular secretory granules

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5
Q

what two classes can hormones be divided into?

A
  1. membrane impermeable (hydrophilic)

2. membrane permeable

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6
Q

where do hydrophillic hormones bind?

A

membrane receptors

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7
Q

where do hydrophobic hormones bind?

A

nuclear receptors

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8
Q

what are 3 examples of membrane impermeable hormones?

A
  1. peptides & proteins
  2. glycoproteins
  3. modified amino acids
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9
Q

what are 2 examples of membrane permeable hormones?

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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10
Q

cells producing protein hormones are characterized by what 3 properties?

A

abundant rough ER
prominent golgi
hormones are often stored in secretory granules

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11
Q

cells producing steroid hormones are characterized by what 4 properties?

A

central nucleus
lipid droplets in the cytoplasm
abundant SER for choleserol synethsis
spherical mitochondria with characteristic tubular or vesicular cristae

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12
Q

what gland is this describing?

“pea shaped gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus”

A

pituitary gland

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13
Q

what is the embryonic origin of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior- oral ectroderm

posterior- neural ectoderm

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14
Q

what are the 3 regions of teh adenohypophysis?

A

pars tuberalis, pars distalis and pars intermedia

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15
Q

what is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

contains no secretory cells, but it stores & releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus

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16
Q

what is the function of the anterior pituitary?

A

produces a variety of hormones that regulate body growth, milk production and functions of the other endocrine glands

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17
Q

what two groups can the cells of the anterior pituitary be divided into?

A
  1. chromophils

2. chromophobes

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18
Q

what cell group of the anterior pituitary does this describe?
“ this group includes stem/progenitor cells and cells that have released their granules or lost their granules during fixation”

A

chromophoboes

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19
Q

what 2 protein hormones do acidophils produce?

A 
somatorophic (growth hormone)
mammotrophic hormone (prolactin)
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20
Q

what 5 hormones do basophils produce?

A

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH and B-LPH

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21
Q 
what is the stain affinity for:
somatotrophic cell
lactotropic cell/mammotrophic cell
gonadotropic cell
thyrotopic cell
corticoptrophic cell
A

acidophillic:
somatotrophic cell
lactotropic cell/mammotrophic cell
gonadotropic cell

basophilic
thyrotopic cell
corticoptrophic cell

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22
Q

what is the hormone produced by:
somatotrophic cell
lactotropic cell/mammotrophic cell
gonadotropic cell

A

somatotrophic cell: GH
lactotropic cell/mammotrophic cell: prolactin
gonadotropic cell: FSH, LH

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23
Q

what is the hormone produced by:
thyrotopic cell
corticoptrophic cell

A

thyrotopic cell: TSH

corticoptrophic cell: ACTH and B-lipotrophin

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24
Q

what is the physiological activity of:
ACTH
B-lipotrophin

A

ACTH: simulate adrenal cortical hormone secretion

B-lipotrophin- promotes fat utilization

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25
what is the physiological activity of: | thyrotrophin (TSH)
stimulate TH secretion
26
what is the physiological activity of: FSH LH
FSH: stimulation of gametogenesis LH: regulation of estrogen and androgen secretion; promotes ovulation in females
27
what is the physiological activity of: prolactin somatotropin/GH
prolactin: stimulate milk secretion | somatotropin/GH: growth of long bones and other growth related processes
28
what section of the anterior pituitary is largely inactive in adults?
pars intermedia
29
what type of cell is the most common cell in the A. pituitary? the least common?
most common- somatotrope 50% | least common- thyrotrope 5%
30
what two cell types are in equal concentration of each other in the A. pituitary
lactotrophe and corticotrope | each comprise 15-20% of the cells
31
how are acidophils, basophils and chromophobes best visualized?
using special stains
32
how is hormone secretion from the A. pituitary regulated?
through positive & negative feedback mechanisms
33
how are regulatory factors delivered to the A. pituitary from the hypothalamus?
via the specialized blood vessels in the portal system
34
what part of the A. pituitary are hormones produced?
the pars distalis and pars tuberalis
35
what hormones are secreted from the P. pituitary?
vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin
36
what are herring bodies?
eosinophilic dilations in the p. pituitary that store hormones
37
where are rathke's cysts?
they are seen in the inactive pars intermedia
38
what is the function of ADH/vasopressin
regulation of blood osmolarity, increases water resorption in kidney collecting ducts
39
what is the function of oxytocin?
stimulate uterine contraction during childbirth and contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammary glands during nursing
40
what is the name for glial cells in the P. pituitary?
pituicytes
41
what are the two layers of the adrenal gland?
outer layer- cortex | central layer-medulla
42
what does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete?
catecholamines
43
what does the cortex of the adrenal gland do?
produce steroid hormones
44
what are the three concentric zones of the adrenal cortex?
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
45
what is the embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex?
epithelial origin
46
why do the cells of the zona fasciculata appear foamy?
due to the presence of lipid droplets
47
what is the embryonic origin of the adrenal medulla?
neuronal origin
48
what color does the medulla appear with the silver stain?
black/brown
49
describe the morphology of the zona glomerulosa?
rounded cords of cells
50
describe the morphology of the zona fasciculata?
long cords
51
describe the morphology of the zona reticularis?
irregular meshwork
52
what hormone does the zona glomerulosa produce?
mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone)
53
what hormone does the zona fasciculata produce?
glucocorticoids (primary cortisol), some DHEA
54
what hormone does the zona reticularis produce?
cortisol and a weak androgen (DHEA)
55
what is the physiological activity of the zona glomerulosa?
regulation of salt balance
56
what is the physiological activity of the zona fasciculata?
regulation of glucose metabolism
57
what is the physiological activity of the zona reticularis?
glucose regulation and testosterone production
58
what regulates the zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
zona glomerulosa: angiotensin II zona fasciculata: ACTH zona reticularis: ACTH
59
what is the morphology of the medulla?
cords or clumps
60
what is the physiological activity of the adrenal medulla?
flight or fight response
61
what regulates the adrenal medulla?
sympathetic nervous system
62
what is cushing's syndrome
excessive cortisol causing: | weight gain, central obesity, hyperglycemia, easy bruising
63
what is the morphology of the islets of langerhans?
polygonal or round cells arranged in cords
64
what is the most likely cause of an ACTH dependent cushing sydrome?
pituitary adenoma
65
what is the most likely cause of a ACTH independent cushing cause?
adrenal adenoma
66
what hormone is secreted by F or PP cells?
pancreatic polypeptide
67
what is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?
stimulates the activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion
68
what surrounds the islets of langerhan?
serous acini
69
how do parafollicular cells (or C cells) appear in H&E prep?
appear pale
70
what cells produce calcitonin?
parafollicular cells
71
what do chief cells in the parathyroid gland secret?
PTH which is regulated by calcium level in the blood
72
how does PTH raise blood calcium levels?
regulating osetoclastic activity, kidney excretion of calcium, vitamin D synthesis and intestinal calcium absorption
73
what are some endocrine functions of non endocrine organs?
heart: ANP stomach and small intestine: enteric hormones kidney: erythropoietin, renin adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, steroid hormones

unit 6: microanatomy (5 decks)

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