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unit 6: microanatomy > endocrine glands > Flashcards

endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

are there ducts in the endocrine glands? how do they get things into circulation then?

A

no, but they are highly vascularized

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2
Q

what does it mean if a hormone is a paracrine?

A

it acts on neighboring cells

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3
Q

what does the prefix “adeno” mean?

A

grandular

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4
Q

within the endocrine glands, where are the hormones stored?

A

in intracellular secretory granules

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5
Q

what two classes can hormones be divided into?

A
  1. membrane impermeable (hydrophilic)

2. membrane permeable

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6
Q

where do hydrophillic hormones bind?

A

membrane receptors

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7
Q

where do hydrophobic hormones bind?

A

nuclear receptors

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8
Q

what are 3 examples of membrane impermeable hormones?

A
  1. peptides & proteins
  2. glycoproteins
  3. modified amino acids
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9
Q

what are 2 examples of membrane permeable hormones?

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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10
Q

cells producing protein hormones are characterized by what 3 properties?

A

abundant rough ER
prominent golgi
hormones are often stored in secretory granules

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11
Q

cells producing steroid hormones are characterized by what 4 properties?

A

central nucleus
lipid droplets in the cytoplasm
abundant SER for choleserol synethsis
spherical mitochondria with characteristic tubular or vesicular cristae

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12
Q

what gland is this describing?

“pea shaped gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus”

A

pituitary gland

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13
Q

what is the embryonic origin of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior- oral ectroderm

posterior- neural ectoderm

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14
Q

what are the 3 regions of teh adenohypophysis?

A

pars tuberalis, pars distalis and pars intermedia

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15
Q

what is the function of the posterior pituitary?

A

contains no secretory cells, but it stores & releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus

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16
Q

what is the function of the anterior pituitary?

A

produces a variety of hormones that regulate body growth, milk production and functions of the other endocrine glands

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17
Q

what two groups can the cells of the anterior pituitary be divided into?

A
  1. chromophils

2. chromophobes

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18
Q

what cell group of the anterior pituitary does this describe?
“ this group includes stem/progenitor cells and cells that have released their granules or lost their granules during fixation”

A

chromophoboes

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19
Q

what 2 protein hormones do acidophils produce?

A 
somatorophic (growth hormone)
mammotrophic hormone (prolactin)
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20
Q

what 5 hormones do basophils produce?

A

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH and B-LPH

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21
Q 
what is the stain affinity for:
somatotrophic cell
lactotropic cell/mammotrophic cell
gonadotropic cell
thyrotopic cell
corticoptrophic cell
A

acidophillic:
somatotrophic cell
lactotropic cell/mammotrophic cell
gonadotropic cell

basophilic
thyrotopic cell
corticoptrophic cell

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22
Q

what is the hormone produced by:
somatotrophic cell
lactotropic cell/mammotrophic cell
gonadotropic cell

A

somatotrophic cell: GH
lactotropic cell/mammotrophic cell: prolactin
gonadotropic cell: FSH, LH

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23
Q

what is the hormone produced by:
thyrotopic cell
corticoptrophic cell

A

thyrotopic cell: TSH

corticoptrophic cell: ACTH and B-lipotrophin

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24
Q

what is the physiological activity of:
ACTH
B-lipotrophin

A

ACTH: simulate adrenal cortical hormone secretion

B-lipotrophin- promotes fat utilization

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25
Q

what is the physiological activity of:

thyrotrophin (TSH)

A

stimulate TH secretion

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26
Q

what is the physiological activity of:
FSH
LH

A

FSH: stimulation of gametogenesis
LH: regulation of estrogen and androgen secretion; promotes ovulation in females

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27
Q

what is the physiological activity of:
prolactin
somatotropin/GH

A

prolactin: stimulate milk secretion

somatotropin/GH: growth of long bones and other growth related processes

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28
Q

what section of the anterior pituitary is largely inactive in adults?

A

pars intermedia

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29
Q

what type of cell is the most common cell in the A. pituitary? the least common?

A

most common- somatotrope 50%

least common- thyrotrope 5%

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30
Q

what two cell types are in equal concentration of each other in the A. pituitary

A

lactotrophe and corticotrope

each comprise 15-20% of the cells

31
Q

how are acidophils, basophils and chromophobes best visualized?

A

using special stains

32
Q

how is hormone secretion from the A. pituitary regulated?

A

through positive & negative feedback mechanisms

33
Q

how are regulatory factors delivered to the A. pituitary from the hypothalamus?

A

via the specialized blood vessels in the portal system

34
Q

what part of the A. pituitary are hormones produced?

A

the pars distalis and pars tuberalis

35
Q

what hormones are secreted from the P. pituitary?

A

vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

36
Q

what are herring bodies?

A

eosinophilic dilations in the p. pituitary that store hormones

37
Q

where are rathke’s cysts?

A

they are seen in the inactive pars intermedia

38
Q

what is the function of ADH/vasopressin

A

regulation of blood osmolarity, increases water resorption in kidney collecting ducts

39
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A

stimulate uterine contraction during childbirth and contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammary glands during nursing

40
Q

what is the name for glial cells in the P. pituitary?

A

pituicytes

41
Q

what are the two layers of the adrenal gland?

A

outer layer- cortex

central layer-medulla

42
Q

what does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete?

A

catecholamines

43
Q

what does the cortex of the adrenal gland do?

A

produce steroid hormones

44
Q

what are the three concentric zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

45
Q

what is the embryonic origin of the adrenal cortex?

A

epithelial origin

46
Q

why do the cells of the zona fasciculata appear foamy?

A

due to the presence of lipid droplets

47
Q

what is the embryonic origin of the adrenal medulla?

A

neuronal origin

48
Q

what color does the medulla appear with the silver stain?

A

black/brown

49
Q

describe the morphology of the zona glomerulosa?

A

rounded cords of cells

50
Q

describe the morphology of the zona fasciculata?

A

long cords

51
Q

describe the morphology of the zona reticularis?

A

irregular meshwork

52
Q

what hormone does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone)

53
Q

what hormone does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

glucocorticoids (primary cortisol), some DHEA

54
Q

what hormone does the zona reticularis produce?

A

cortisol and a weak androgen (DHEA)

55
Q

what is the physiological activity of the zona glomerulosa?

A

regulation of salt balance

56
Q

what is the physiological activity of the zona fasciculata?

A

regulation of glucose metabolism

57
Q

what is the physiological activity of the zona reticularis?

A

glucose regulation and testosterone production

58
Q

what regulates the
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

A

zona glomerulosa: angiotensin II
zona fasciculata: ACTH
zona reticularis: ACTH

59
Q

what is the morphology of the medulla?

A

cords or clumps

60
Q

what is the physiological activity of the adrenal medulla?

A

flight or fight response

61
Q

what regulates the adrenal medulla?

A

sympathetic nervous system

62
Q

what is cushing’s syndrome

A

excessive cortisol causing:

weight gain, central obesity, hyperglycemia, easy bruising

63
Q

what is the morphology of the islets of langerhans?

A

polygonal or round cells arranged in cords

64
Q

what is the most likely cause of an ACTH dependent cushing sydrome?

A

pituitary adenoma

65
Q

what is the most likely cause of a ACTH independent cushing cause?

A

adrenal adenoma

66
Q

what hormone is secreted by F or PP cells?

A

pancreatic polypeptide

67
Q

what is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

stimulates the activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion

68
Q

what surrounds the islets of langerhan?

A

serous acini

69
Q

how do parafollicular cells (or C cells) appear in H&E prep?

A

appear pale

70
Q

what cells produce calcitonin?

A

parafollicular cells

71
Q

what do chief cells in the parathyroid gland secret?

A

PTH which is regulated by calcium level in the blood

72
Q

how does PTH raise blood calcium levels?

A

regulating osetoclastic activity, kidney excretion of calcium, vitamin D synthesis and intestinal calcium absorption

73
Q

what are some endocrine functions of non endocrine organs?

A

heart: ANP
stomach and small intestine: enteric hormones
kidney: erythropoietin, renin
adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, steroid hormones

unit 6: microanatomy (5 decks)

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