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Micro Anatomy Unit 6 > Exocrine Glands > Flashcards

Exocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

formation of exocrine glands

A

-stay connected to the surface

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2
Q

formation of endocrine glands

A
  • disappearance of duct cells

- pinch off from the surface

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3
Q

general structure of exocrine glands

A
  • secretory portion can be acinar or tubular, may be branched, produces secretory product
  • conducting portion-branched of unbranced, modifies secretory product by absorption, can contribute to secretion
  • simple- means duct isn’t branched
  • compound means duct is branched
  • tubular, acinar, coiled, and combos of them
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4
Q

holocrine secretion

A
  • lyse cell to release substance

- sebaceous

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5
Q

merocrine secretion

A
  • exocytosis of vesicle with substance inside

- salivary glands

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6
Q

apocrine secretion

A
  • bud vesicles off

- mammary glands

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7
Q

serous cells

A

secrete proteins

  • RER at base
  • perinuclear golgi
  • secretory vesicles in the apical portion
  • exocytosis
  • secretory product stains with H and E
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8
Q

mucous cells

A

secretes mucous

  • RER at the base
  • perinuclear golgi
  • secretory vesicles in the apical portion
  • exocytosis
  • mucous is not preserved with H and E, can be stained with PAS
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9
Q

myoepithelial cells

A
  • located between basal lamina and secretory or duct cells
  • triangular or elongated nucleus
  • possess long contractile actomyosin rich processes
  • contraction helps expel secretory product
  • present in sweat, salivary, and mammary glands
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10
Q

ion and fluid transport across epithelium

A
  • tight junctions seal off the apical surface from the basal surface
  • differential distribution of ion channels and pumps
  • mitochondria provide source of energy
  • membrane specializations increase surface area
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11
Q

goblet cells

A

-mucin secreting unicellular glands

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12
Q

simple glands in the skin

A

-sebaceous and sweat glands

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13
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • simple acinar glands
  • holocrine secretion
  • short duct to hair follicle
  • sebum: triglyerides, cholesterol, squalene, wax esters
  • holocrine secretion- cells proliferate, differentiate, accumulate lipid droplets and rupture
  • acne
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14
Q

sebaceous glands and acne

A
  • increased sebaceous gland activity at puberty
  • hair follicle may become plugged
  • skin bacteria break sebum into free fatty acids
  • fatty acids cause irritation and inflammation
  • inflammation attract neutrophils, further escalating inflammation
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15
Q

sweat glands

A
  • simple coiled tubular glands

- both eccrine and aporcrine sweat glands are merocrine glands

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16
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A
  • located in the dermins
  • thermoregulation and excretory functions
  • sweat-water, ammonia, sodium, chloride, urea, uric acid, organic compounds, bactericidal peptides, proteolytic enzymes
  • altered seat composition can be a disease indicatory
  • secretion controlled by cholinergic fibers of SNS
17
Q

histological organization of eccrine sweat glands

A
  • stratified cuboidal epithelium
  • secretory portion has pale cells that secrete fluid, dark cells that secrete proteins, myoepithelial cells contract to expel product
  • conducting portion reabsorbs nacl and water
18
Q

ultrastructure of eccrine sweat glands

A
  • pale/clear cells- tight junctions, membrane infoldings, abundant mitochondria, intercellular canaliculi
  • dark cells with RER and golgi, secretory granules
  • myoepithelial cells have contractile actin/myosin bundles
  • ducts have tight junctions, abundant mito, abundant Na /K ATPase
19
Q

histological organization of apocrine sweat glands

A
  • located in the axillary, areolar and perineal regions
  • associated with hair shafts
  • simple coiled glands
  • merocrine secretion
  • large lumen
  • simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium
  • stimulated by adrenergic nerve fibers
20
Q

compound glands

A
  • salivary glands and pancreas
  • CT capsule
  • septa divide parenchyma into lobules
  • CT stroma has cap plexus, nerves, lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • parenchyma has secretory acini or tubules, intercalated ducts, inntralobular ducts
  • interlobular ducts in the septa
21
Q

salivary glands

A
  • moisture and lubrication in oral cavity
  • initiation of digestion of carbs
  • immune defense- lysozyme, lactoferrin and sIgA
  • secretion of calcium and phosphate to make acquired pellicle
22
Q

salivary glands clinical correlation

A
  • reduced function due to radiotherapy or disease can lead to dental caries, oral mucosa trophy, speech difficulties
  • salivary gland tumors- 80% are benign, pleiomorphic adenoma is 65% of benign tumors, accumulation of cartilage like material produced by myoepithelial cells
23
Q

general organization of salivary glands

A
  • acini or tubules, serous, mucous, mixed, myoepithelial cells
  • intercalated ducts-lack secretory vesicles
  • intralobular ducts-striated in serous glands
  • interlobular ducts-stratified epithelium
24
Q

serous acinar cells

A
  • secrete proteins

- basal RER, golgi, apical secretory vesicles

25
Q

mucous acinar cells

A
  • secrete mucous (heavily glycosilated protein)

- apical junctional complexes, myoepithelial cells, small lumen

26
Q

myoepithelial cells in salivary glands

A
  • reside within the basal lamina
  • smooth muscle-like
  • triangular or elongated nuclei
  • long contractile processes
  • also present in intralobular ducts
27
Q

striated intralobular ducts in salivary glands

A
  • up to 1.5 L of saliva per day
  • saliva composition- 7xK, 3x HCO3, 1/10 Na, compared to blood plasma
  • basal striations-cell membrane infoldings that house mitochondria
  • apical surface-tight junctions
28
Q

transcytosis- mechanism of sIgA secretion

A

-plasma cells secrete IgA dimer–>IgA binds receptor on an acinar cell–>endocytosis at the base of an acinar cell–>proteolytic processing–>exocytosis of sIgA at the apical surface

29
Q

parotid gland

A

-all serous, adipocytes

30
Q

submandibular gland

A
  • mostly serous
  • compound tubuloacinar gland
  • some mixed and mucous
  • mixed with serous demilunes
  • mostly striated intralobular ducts
31
Q

sublingual gland

A

-mostly mucous

32
Q

exocrine pancreas

A
  • secretes digestive proenzymes- lipases, nucleases,amylases
  • inactive proenzymes are activated by enterokinase cleavage in the duodenum
  • bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid and creates optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes
33
Q

regulation of exocrine pancreas

A
  • acidic chyme stimulates enteroendocrine cells in duodenum
  • those cells release CCK and secretin
  • CCK stimulates proenzymes, secretin HCO3
34
Q

exocrine pancreas 2

A
  • compound acinar gland
  • serous acini- polarized serous cells, abundant RER and golgi, zymogenic granules in the apical half of the cell

-lack of myoepithelial cells

  • intercalated ducts-protrude into acini as centro acinar cells
  • produce bicarbonate
  • intralobular ducts- lact striations, secrete bicarbonate rich fluid
  • interlobular ducts-low columnar epithelium, also secrete bicarbonate

Micro Anatomy Unit 6 (5 decks)

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