Exocrine And Specialised Glands- Lec 7

Question 1

Where is the parotid gland found?

Answer 1

In front of the lower ear

Question 2

Give 2 examples of where exocrine and endocrine glands coexist

Answer 2

Liver and Pancreas

Question 3

Describe the parotid gland

Answer 3

An entirely serous exocrine gland of the acinar type.

Question 4

Where is the sublingual gland and what does it secrete?

Answer 4

Under the tongue. Secretes almost complete mucous

Question 5

Where is the submandibular gland found and what does it secrete?

Answer 5

Under jaw. Secretes mostly serous and some mucous

Question 6

What’s the difference between Exocrine and Endocrine glands?

Answer 6

Exocrine are ducted and usually secrete enzymes or lubricants
Endocrine are non- ducted and secrete directly into the blood stream. They usually secrete hormones.

Question 7

What is the difference between a simple and a compound gland?

Answer 7

Simple glands contain a straight unbranded duct.

Compound glands have ducts that branch repeatedly.

Question 8

What type of saliva does the Parasympathetic nervous stimulus produce?

Answer 8

Large vol. of watery saliva rich in enzymes

Question 9

What type of saliva does the sympathetic nervous stimulus produce?

Answer 9

Small thick secretion of saliva rich in mucous

Question 10

What type of stimulus controls saliva secretion

Answer 10

Neural stimulus

Question 11

Why does the liver stain very red in the H and E stain?

Answer 11

Eosin is responsible for staining proteins red therefore the liver makes lots of proteins

Question 12

Name the 3 types of vessels

Answer 12

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

Question 13

Describe briefly the structure of a continuous vessel and where it is found

Answer 13

Made up of an endothelial layer wrapped in a basement membrane layer. The basement membrane prevents leakage of blood so this type of vessel is often found in the brain and most of the body.

Question 14

Describe briefly the structure of fenestrated vessel and where it is typically found.

Answer 14

Endothelial layer with fenestrations (lots of tiny wholes) which allow small molecules eg fluid and electrolytes across the membrane. It is wrapped in a basement layer. They are typically found in pituitary/kidneys/small intestine/ some endocrine glands

Question 15

Describe briefly the structure of a sinusoid vessel and where it is typically found.

Answer 15

Both the endothelial layer and the basement membrane surrounding it have large wholes which allow larger molecules eg proteins to pass through. They are typically found where cells are made to allow the cell back into the blood stream eg bone marrow/ spleen/ liver/ lymph nodes

Question 16

How is the location of specialisations different in hepatocytes to normal cells?

Answer 16

Specialisations are usually on the apical surface whereas in hepatocytes the specialisations are on the basal sides. Also cells usually only have one apical surface however hepatocytes have 2 apical surfaces

Question 17

Where are Kupffer cells only found?

Answer 17

The liver

Question 18

What are Kupffer cells?

Answer 18

Kupffer cells are specialised macrophages that form part of the sinusoidal lining.

Question 19

What is the function of Kupffer cells?

Answer 19

Phagocytose any remaining aged/ damaged erythrocytes missed by the spleen. After splenectomy these cells take over the role of aged erythrocytes.

Question 20

What is bilirubin?

Answer 20

Bilirubin is a brownish yellow substance found in bile. It is produced when the liver breaks down old RBC. It is then removed from the body in stool, and gives stool its normal brown colour.

Question 21

What is the function of Ito cells?

Answer 21

Adds lipid droplets to vitamin A (vit. A is lipid soluble)

Question 22

What happens to the liver in liver cirrhosis?

Answer 22

Hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) lose their vitamin A storage ability and differentiate into myofibroblasts ( mix between muscle cell and cell which lays down fibre.) These cells synthesis and deposit collagen into the space of disse (perisinusoidal space) which causes liver fibrosis(excess connective tissue aka scarring)

Question 23

One function of the liver is storage. Name 4 things the liver stores.

Answer 23

Iron, Copper, Glycogen and Vitamins A,B,K, D

Question 24

One function of the liver is anabolism (production). Name

Answer 24

It’s worth noting the liver makes around 60% of all the body’s proteins.
Mayor plasma proteins eg Albumin (transport protein in serum)
Enzymes
Lipid Carrier proteins
Amino acid synthesis
Haemopoiesis (in the fetus)

Question 25

One function of the liver is catabolism (destruction). Give 4 examples.

Answer 25

Drugs
Hormones eg insulin
Poisons/ toxins
Haemoglobin

Question 26

Where is bile produced?

Answer 26

The Liver

Question 27

What is the jejunum?

Answer 27

Part of the small intestine found between the duodenum and the ileum.

Question 28

What type of response is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 28

Sympathetic Nervous system = fight or flight response eg causes muscle to contract and heart rate to increase

Question 29

What type of response is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 29

Parasympathetic = rest and digest response eg lowers heart rate and causes muscles to relax