Exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas

Question 1

exocrine pancreas makes up how much

Answer 1

95-98%

Question 2

most common cell type in the islet of langerhans

Answer 2

beta cell 
then 
alpha 
delta 
pancreatic polypeptide 
epsilon cells

Question 3

Pancreatitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the pancreas. When the pancreas is inflamed, the powerful digestive enzymes it makes can damage its tissue. The inflamed pancreas can cause release of inflammatory cells and toxins that may harm your lungs, kidneys and heart too.
acute pancreatitis can be caused by gallstones blocking the pancreatic duct whereas in chronic pancreatitis glalltones and claficiation in dilated pancreatic duct. what are the direct causes o pancreatitis

Answer 3

autoimmune
pancreatic or gallbladder damage
excessive fat
hypercalcemia

Question 4

indirect causes of pancreatitis

Answer 4

alcohol abuse
CF
viral infections
mediicne

Question 5

symptoms of pancreatitis

Answer 5

abdominal pain - worse after meals
nausea
diarrhoea

Question 6

how do we diagnose pancreatitis

Answer 6

blood test - leaking enzymes

scan such as US, CT or MRI

Question 7

treatment fro pancreatitis

Answer 7

IV fluids, NSAIDs and antibiotics
surgery - correct the ducts and remove image tissue and drain fluid

diet and lifestyle changes

Question 8

Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) is a condition which occurs when the pancreas does not make enough of a specific enzyme the body uses to digest food in the small intestine. The pancreas is a glandular organ. That means the pancreas secretes juices that maintain the proper function of the body.

what are the causes

Answer 8

Pancreatitis
Cystic Fibrosis
Pancreatic tumours
Celiac disease Inflammatory bowel disease
Bariatric surgery 
HIV/AIDS
Genetic and congenital causes

Question 9

cystic fibrosis related diabetes

how is it diagnosis

Answer 9

gold standard is oral glucose tolerance test

fasting glucose
HbAlc
continuous glucose monitoring

Question 10

how do we treat CFRD

Answer 10

insulin therapy 
icnretins
pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy 
diet change different to T1DM and T2DM 
exercise

Question 11

pancreatic f cells secrete what

Answer 11

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 12

what does pancreatic polypeptide do

Answer 12

Its secretion is stimulated by eating, exercising, and fasting. It can inhibit gallbladder contraction and pancreatic exocrine secretion, but its role in the metabolism of nutrients is uncertain.

Question 13

pancreatic acing cell secrete what

Answer 13

amylase

Question 14

glycogenolysis

Answer 14

glycogen to glucose

Question 15

a higher BMI indicates that cystic fibrosis is less severe

Answer 15

true

Question 16

gastrin directly stimulates secretion of what

Answer 16

hydrochloric acid

Question 17

glycogenisis

Answer 17

glucose to glycogen

Question 18

how is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency EPI managed or treated

Answer 18

PERT - pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy - missing digestive enzymes

high calorie high fat diet - fat helps body absorb nutrients

vitamins - ADEK - fat soluble nutrients

Question 19

function of acinar cells

Answer 19

make store and secrete digestive enzymes

Question 20

duct cells

Answer 20

ion transport of bicarbonate and water

Question 21

centroacinar cells

Answer 21

progenitor cells that secrete carbonic anhydrase - between the acing and duct cells

Question 22

pancreatic stellate cells

Answer 22

regulate matrix production and are the biggest storage of vitamin A

Question 23

5 cells is the islet of langerhans

Answer 23

beta, alpha delta , pancreatic polypeptide ( f cells) and epsilon cells ( secrete gherlin the hunger hormone).

Question 24

what is HbA1c

Answer 24

The A1C test—also known as the hemoglobin A1C or HbA1c test—is a simple blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months

Question 25

gold standard for cystic fibrosis related diabetes

Answer 25

oral glucose tolerance test

Question 26

how does CFRD

Answer 26

festive CFTR gene cause thick and viscous secretions causing ductal obstruction which leads to inflammation. both these things casue pancreatic insufficiency which causes fat malabsorption and therefore decrease incretin signalling and undernutrition.
undernutrion along with infection causes insulin resistance which causes CFRD.
inflammation along with ER stress causes beta cells dysfunction and beta cell loss and with decreased incretin signalling causes insulin insufficiency.