Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology > Exertional myopathies and related disorders > Flashcards

Exertional myopathies and related disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is equine rhabodmyolysis syndrome?

A

Muscle cramping/pain that occurs usually during or following exercise caused by lysis of muscle fibers

Damaged skeletal disease gets broken down - these enter into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the other names for Rhabodmyolysis syndrome?

A

Monday morning disease, set-fast, azoturia, myoglobinuria, tying up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some differential diagnoses for equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome?

A
  • Lameness
  • Aortoiliac thrombosis
  • Colic
  • Laminitis
  • Pleuritis (very painful and can mimic muscle pain)
  • Tetanus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the possible presentations of equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome?

A
  1. Acute: may require treatment and can possibly be an emergency
  2. Between episodes in a horse that has had several or multiple episodes: requires investigation of the cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the clinical signs of exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome during an episode?

A

-Stiff movements
-Pain
-Sweating
-Tachycardia (electrolyte disturbances from products into bloodstream)
-Myoglobinuria (not always present)
(damage to kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What enzymes would you check in exertional rhabdomyolysis syndromes (during episode)?

A

Plasma CK and AST activities

CK levels rise after muscle injury but levels are around 5x in this syndrome

Higher the CK levels - higher the chance of renal damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis made?

A

-During an episode:
clinical signs, plasma CK and AST, and ruling out other diseases

  • Between episodes:
  • Exercise test - 20mins (exercise -then test CK pre and 6 hour post exercise)

-Fractional clearance ratios
Measure electrolyte conc in serum and urine samples
(eg. sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium)

-To see how body handles electrolytes; interpretation is difficult since there is a wide variation within normal horses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the treatment for acute exertional rhabdomyolysis (during episode)?

A
  • Analgesics (NSAIDs, opiates)
  • IV or oral fluids
  • Diuretics (used to maintain urine output in attempts to prevent/minimize the nephrotoxic effects of myoglobin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a more likely etiology for horses that undergo repeated episodes of tying up?

A

Inherited causes are much more likely; but acquired causes should be considered and ruled out if possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some proposed theories regarding acquired rhabdomyolysis syndromes?

A
  1. Overexertion (eccentric contraction, metabolic exhaustion, oxidative injury)
  2. Electrolyte imbalance
  3. Hormonal influence (females more commonly affected than males)
  4. Infectious causes (coincidence more likely)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some theories regarding inherited rhabdomyolysis syndromes?

A
  1. Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis caused by defective calcium regulation (TBs)
  2. Polysaccharide storage myopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is RER and what breed of horses is it commonly related to?

A

Recurrent exertional Rhabdomyolysis and Thoroughbreds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

A defect in calcium regulation
Muscle is hypersensitive to caffeine and certain other agents that precipitate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
(similar in some respects to malignant hyperthermia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you prevent RER?

A

TX: oral dantrolene - Ca release channel blocker
(for TBs with presumed calcium homeostasis problem)

High fat/low carbohydrate diet
(rice bran, veg oil, commercial type diets)

Regular exercise/turn out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is PSSM?

A

It is a heritable autosomal dominant syndrome

  • QHs, warmbloods, drafts, cobs,
  • Causes exertional rhabdomyolysis

There is a mutation in glycogen synthase gene in skeletal muscle that causes abnormal glucose metabolism- PSSM1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does glycogen synthase do?

A

It forms 1-4 links between glucose monomers to make glycogen
Disrupted in PSSM

17
Q

What is the diagnostic test for PSSM?

A
  1. DNA test for PSSM1
    - blood (in EDTA) or hair pluck
    - PSSM1 will have typical autosomal change, but some horses with characteristic pathology will not have the mutation (these are categorized as PSSM2)
  2. Muscle biopsy: Internalized nuclei and polysaccharide inclusions (stain)
18
Q

What is the treatment and management for PSSM?

A 
similar with RER - high fat, low carbohydrate diet 
Regular exercise (daily) - start slow and increase gradually
19
Q

What is the prognosis of horses with genetic forms of exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

May continue athletic career with appropriate management
Racehorses perform well once fit
Genetic predisposition - always susceptible - Do not breed from them!

20
Q

What is exhausted horse syndrome and potential causes?

A

Associated with long rides
Often in hot, humid conditions and in unfit animals

CAUSES:

  • glycogen depletion from muscles
  • electrolyte loss from sweat
  • hypovolaemia
21
Q

What are the clinical signs of an exhausted horse?

A
  • Depression
  • Dehydration, anorexia, decreased thirst
  • Increased RR and HR
  • Pyrexia
  • Poor sweating response
  • Poor jugular distention, increased CRT, decreased pulse pressure
  • Decreased gut sounds
  • Laminitis
  • Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (“thumps”)
  • Muscle pain and stiffness
22
Q

What is the treatment for exhausted horse?

A
  • IV/oral fluids, supplemented with additional electrolytes if required
  • Rapid cooling
  • NSAIDs
  • Check for evidence of rhabdomyolysis
23
Q

How would you prevent an exhausted horse?

A
  • Training, heat acclimatization
  • Free access to water and administer electrolytes during the ride
  • Frequent vet checks
24
Q

What breed of dogs get rhabdomyolysis?

A

Sled dogs

Greyhounds

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of rhabdomyolysis in dogs?

A
  • Myoglobinuria
  • Elevated CK
  • Hyperthermia
  • Renal failure
26
Q

What is a muscle strain injury?

Name an example

A

Overstretching of muscle that disrupts the fibers; causes inflammation and healing through fibrosis. Recovery is rapid with low grade injuries, but fibrous tissue may predispose to re-injury or contracture

coccygeal muscle injury

27
Q

How would you diagnose muscle strain injury?

A

Palpation and U/s

28
Q

What is the treatment for muscle strain injury?

A

Low grade - conservative
ice packs then warm compresses, compressive wraps, NSAIDS, muscle relaxants, rest, controlled physical therapy

High grade-
Surgery in dogs - surgical debridement, repair, tenomyectomy
Friable - mattress pattern or tension relieving sutures

29
Q

What is fibrotic myopathy in horses?

A
  • Replacement of normal muscle with fibrous tissue, commonly seen in quarter horses
  • Usually affects the semitendinosus muscle (can be in semimembranosus or gracilis also)

-Horses will present with a characteristic gait

30
Q

What are some causes of fibrotic myopathy in horses?

A

Muscle tear
IM injection
Neuropathy (sciatic nerve)

31
Q

What is the characteristic gait of a dog with fibrotic myopathy?

A

Affects hips/hind legs
Shortened stride with internal rotation of the foot, external rotation of the hock and internal rotation of the stifle during the swing phase

32
Q

What are the treatment options for fibrotic myopathy?

A

Surgery only temporary resolution

Ice, rest, NSAIDS

33
Q

In what breeds of dog do we see infraspinatus/supraspinatus contracture?

A

Mature sporting and working dogs

= labs, pointers, spaniels, border collies

34
Q

What is infraspinatus/supraspinatus contracture in dogs?

A

Can follow obvious trauma, but usually presents acutely with pain in shoulder region and reluctance to bear weight

In chronic stages, there is supra and infraspinatus atrophy and fibrosis.

Tends to be unilateral

35
Q

What is the surgical treatment for Infraspinatous/ Supraspinatus contracture?

A

Infraspinatous tenotomy - division of tendon

36
Q

What is quadriceps contracture in the dog?

A

Occurs secondary to fracture of distal femur in immature dogs with voluntary or enforced immobilization; prolonged hyperextention of stifle leads to adhesions.

Early recognition essential as prognosis is poor once advanced - leg amputation only option

37
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

A

Occurs secondary to trauma, often in large middle aged active dogs Eg. Dobs, Rotties
-Hip, shoulder, quadriceps and cervical regions

There is ossification in the tendons leading to lameness from mechanical interference

38
Q

What is the preferred treatment for myositis ossificans?

A

Surgical debulking

Neurology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions