Exercises 4,5,6 Flashcards
P wave
atrial depolarization
P-Q Interval
Beginning of p wave until the beginning of the Q wave
What is the normal interval time for P-Q? What does it mean if the time is longer?
.12 >.20
heart block
What is a heart block?
cardiac damage to the AV node or AV bundle. Reduced conduction from atria to ventricles
What is a complete heart block?
results in the ventricles depolarizing independently from the atria.
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization/Atrial depolarization
What is the normal interval for the QRS? What happens if it is longer?
.06-.10
a right or left bundle branch block- ventricles do not contract simultaneously.
S-T Segment
end of S to the beginning of T, ventricules fully depolarized.
T wave
ventricular depolarization + isovolumetric ventricular relaxation.
Q-T interval
start of Q to the end of the T wave: beginning of ventricular depolarization until end of ventricular repolarization
What is the normal interval for Q-T? What happens if it is longer?
.31-.41
Ventricles contracting slower, heart rate increases, ventricles contracting faster: myocardial damage
Relaxation Period
end of T-wave to start of next P-wave: period of electrical inactivity.
60-100 beats/min
normal sinus rhythm
100beats/min
tachycardia
<60beats/min
bradycardia
Prolonged tachycardia can develop into _____
fibrillation, rapid uncoordinated heart contractions that do not pump blood.
How do you solve for heart rate?
- (number of squares) x .04sec
- Divide by 60.
Atrioventricular block
blockage in the wiring of bundles.
Lying down has a ____ heart rate compared to sitting up
lower
What does the MEA correspond to?
the average direction of depolarization
Hypertrophy
ventricle shifts the MEA toward the hypertrophied ventricle bc it takes longer to depolarize.
What can cause hypertrophy?
narrowing of the aortic semilunar valve in the left ventricle
narrowing of the pulmonary semilunar valve in the right ventricle
What happens if there is a conduction block in one of the branches of the AV bundle?
depolarization will be much slower.
What happens if there is a conduction block in the left ventricle?
depolarization will occur more slowly in the left ventricle than the right, causing the MEA to deviate to the left.
Primary lymphoid tissues
bone marrow + thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil, appendix, MALT
Dolor
signs of inflamed tissue
tumor
swelling
rubur
redness
calor
warmness
histamine does what to blood vessels
opens them up
Tonsillitis
inflammation of the palatine tonsils in the pharynx`
Know anatomical terms to designate where lymph nodes are
axillary, cervical, inguinal, lumbar
innate immunity
nonspecific
person is born with it (Macrophages, natural killer cells, neutrophils)
adaptive immunity
specific
T/B cells
Cell-mediated immunity
production of T cells that bind and destroy infected cells
antibody-mediated-immunity
antibody production by B cells
When exposed to an infection for the first time,
IgM concentration is higher than IgG.
The second time IgG concentration will be higher.
How can HIV spread?
exchange of body fluids
sharing needles
blood transfusion
HIV symptoms
flu-like symptoms in 1-2 months,
during asymptomatic period, immune system declines, lack of energy,
AIDS: shortness of breath, severe/persistent diarrhea.
HIV diagnosis
ELISA
HIV Treatment
nucleoside reverse transcriptase, protease inhibitors, combination drug treatments
After ELISA, if the solution is blue that means
the person has the disease
How does ELISA work?
Green tube (AG) contains
HIV proteins
Violet tube contains
serum from HIV negative patient spiked with HIV antibodies
Blue tube
serum from HIV negative patient
Orange tube (SA)
second antibodies
Brown tube
substate
How does emphysema affect gas exchange between the lungs and capillaries?
Decreased amount of alveoli reduces gas exchange; less compliance
Pneumothorax
collapse of the entire lung due to air leaking into the pleural space.
Atelectasis
only a portion of the lung collapses due to alveoli not being able to inflate properly. Can be due to a blockage in air passageways, low airflow, or scarring.
Pulmozyme is a ____ that helps to
DNAase, chops up leftover debris from bacteria + dead lung cells.
Why do cystic fibrosis patients get frequent bacterial infections in the lungs?
mucous buildup- traps pathogens from air.
Mucus helps pathogens not get to the lungs by
bringing it up the trachea, pharynx
What procedure allows for air passage around a blocked trachea?
