Exercises 4,5,6

Question 1

P wave

Answer 1

atrial depolarization

Question 2

P-Q Interval

Answer 2

Beginning of p wave until the beginning of the Q wave

Question 3

What is the normal interval time for P-Q? What does it mean if the time is longer?

Answer 3

.12 >.20

heart block

Question 4

What is a heart block?

Answer 4

cardiac damage to the AV node or AV bundle. Reduced conduction from atria to ventricles

Question 5

What is a complete heart block?

Answer 5

results in the ventricles depolarizing independently from the atria.

Question 6

QRS complex

Answer 6

Ventricular depolarization/Atrial depolarization

Question 7

What is the normal interval for the QRS? What happens if it is longer?

Answer 7

.06-.10

a right or left bundle branch block- ventricles do not contract simultaneously.

Question 8

S-T Segment

Answer 8

end of S to the beginning of T, ventricules fully depolarized.

Question 9

T wave

Answer 9

ventricular depolarization + isovolumetric ventricular relaxation.

Question 10

Q-T interval

Answer 10

start of Q to the end of the T wave: beginning of ventricular depolarization until end of ventricular repolarization

Question 11

What is the normal interval for Q-T? What happens if it is longer?

Answer 11

.31-.41

Ventricles contracting slower, heart rate increases, ventricles contracting faster: myocardial damage

Question 12

Relaxation Period

Answer 12

end of T-wave to start of next P-wave: period of electrical inactivity.

Question 13

60-100 beats/min

Answer 13

normal sinus rhythm

Question 14

100beats/min

Answer 14

tachycardia

Question 15

<60beats/min

Answer 15

bradycardia

Question 16

Prolonged tachycardia can develop into _____

Answer 16

fibrillation, rapid uncoordinated heart contractions that do not pump blood.

Question 17

How do you solve for heart rate?

Answer 17

1. (number of squares) x .04sec
2. Divide by 60.

Question 18

Atrioventricular block

Answer 18

blockage in the wiring of bundles.

Question 19

Lying down has a ____ heart rate compared to sitting up

Answer 19

lower

Question 20

What does the MEA correspond to?

Answer 20

the average direction of depolarization

Question 21

Hypertrophy

Answer 21

ventricle shifts the MEA toward the hypertrophied ventricle bc it takes longer to depolarize.

Question 22

What can cause hypertrophy?

Answer 22

narrowing of the aortic semilunar valve in the left ventricle

narrowing of the pulmonary semilunar valve in the right ventricle

Question 23

What happens if there is a conduction block in one of the branches of the AV bundle?

Answer 23

depolarization will be much slower.

Question 24

What happens if there is a conduction block in the left ventricle?

Answer 24

depolarization will occur more slowly in the left ventricle than the right, causing the MEA to deviate to the left.

Question 25

Primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 25

bone marrow + thymus

Question 26

Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues

Answer 26

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil, appendix, MALT

Question 27

Dolor

Answer 27

signs of inflamed tissue

Question 28

tumor

Answer 28

swelling

Question 29

rubur

Answer 29

redness

Question 30

calor

Answer 30

warmness

Question 31

histamine does what to blood vessels

Answer 31

opens them up

Question 32

Tonsillitis

Answer 32

inflammation of the palatine tonsils in the pharynx`

Question 33

Know anatomical terms to designate where lymph nodes are

Answer 33

axillary, cervical, inguinal, lumbar

Question 34

innate immunity

Answer 34

nonspecific person is born with it (Macrophages, natural killer cells, neutrophils)

Question 35

adaptive immunity

Answer 35

specific T/B cells

Question 36

Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 36

production of T cells that bind and destroy infected cells

Question 37

antibody-mediated-immunity

Answer 37

antibody production by B cells

Question 38

When exposed to an infection for the first time,

Answer 38

IgM concentration is higher than IgG. The second time IgG concentration will be higher.

Question 39

How can HIV spread?

Answer 39

exchange of body fluids sharing needles blood transfusion

Question 40

HIV symptoms

Answer 40

flu-like symptoms in 1-2 months, during asymptomatic period, immune system declines, lack of energy, AIDS: shortness of breath, severe/persistent diarrhea.

Question 41

HIV diagnosis

Answer 41

ELISA

Question 42

HIV Treatment

Answer 42

nucleoside reverse transcriptase, protease inhibitors, combination drug treatments

Question 43

After ELISA, if the solution is blue that means

Answer 43

the person has the disease

Question 44

How does ELISA work?

Question 45

Green tube (AG) contains

Answer 45

HIV proteins

Question 46

Violet tube contains

Answer 46

serum from HIV negative patient spiked with HIV antibodies

Question 47

Blue tube

Answer 47

serum from HIV negative patient

Question 48

Orange tube (SA)

Answer 48

second antibodies

Question 49

Brown tube

Answer 49

substate

Question 50

How does emphysema affect gas exchange between the lungs and capillaries?

Answer 50

Decreased amount of alveoli reduces gas exchange; less compliance

Question 51

Pneumothorax

Answer 51

collapse of the entire lung due to air leaking into the pleural space.

Question 52

Atelectasis

Answer 52

only a portion of the lung collapses due to alveoli not being able to inflate properly. Can be due to a blockage in air passageways, low airflow, or scarring.

Question 53

Pulmozyme is a ____ that helps to

Answer 53

DNAase, chops up leftover debris from bacteria + dead lung cells.

Question 54

Why do cystic fibrosis patients get frequent bacterial infections in the lungs?

Answer 54

mucous buildup- traps pathogens from air.

Question 55

Mucus helps pathogens not get to the lungs by

Answer 55

bringing it up the trachea, pharynx

Question 56

What procedure allows for air passage around a blocked trachea?