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A&P 2 LAB > 7,8,9 > Flashcards

7,8,9 Flashcards

1
Q

Tidal Volume

A

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions -500mL

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2
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation -3100mL

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3
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation - 1200mL

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4
Q

Residual volume

A

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forceful expiration -1200

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5
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

the maximal volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration. IC = TV +IRV

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6
Q

Restrictive pulmonary disease

A

the person’s ability to inflate and deflate the lungs is reduced, and as a result, lung volumes and capacities are below normal

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7
Q

Obstructive pulmonary diseases

A

resistance to airflow into and out of the lungs.

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8
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

shortness of breath and chronic restriction of airflow from the lungs

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9
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

the volume remaining in the lungs after a normal passive exhalation. FRC - ERV + RV

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10
Q

Vital capacity

A

the maximum exchangeable air in the lungs; the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration. VC = TV + IRV + ERV

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11
Q

Total lung capacity

A

the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration. TLC = RV + ERV + TV + IRV

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12
Q

Respiratory minute volume equation

A

Tital volume x Respirations per minute

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13
Q

FEV

A

Percentage of vital capacity
normal averages
FEV 1- 77-83%
FEV 2- 75-94%
FEV 3 - 78-97%

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14
Q

What is the relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure

A

when airflow increases, intrapulmonary pressure goes down while intrapleural pressure goes up and vice versa.

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15
Q

What part of the airway is most affected by asthma

A

bronchioles

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16
Q

Why is hyperventilating into a bag beneficial?

A

Because you are taking back CO2 into the lungs, it balances the blood pH and helps calm you down due to you actually having too much oxygen.

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17
Q

During an asthma attack, what must one do to maintain normal airflow during inhalation and exhalation?

A

Their intrapulmonary pressure must decrease to allow more airflow into the lungs

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18
Q

Albuterol is useful for those with asthma because it helps to

A

disrupt the vasoconstriction of the smooth muscle of the bronchioles and allow more airflow.

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19
Q

Equation of predicted residual volume

A

vital capacity times age correction factor

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20
Q

Why is the C shaped nature of the hyaline cartilage of the trachea useful?

A

it allows the esophagus to expand into it allowing more food to come in as well as always keeping the trachea open.

21
Q

What is the purpose of goblet cells in the upper respiratory passages?

A

Mucus helps trap pathogens and carries it back up. too much mucus will interfere w/ gas exchange.

22
Q

The liver produces a lot of oxidative enzymes that help to

A

detoxify anything we have been eating

23
Q

What are the 6 sphincters of the digestive system?

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter
Gastroduodenal sphincter
Hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of oddi)
Ileocecal Sphincter
Internal Sphincter
External Sphincter

24
Q

T/F- the esophagus is always opened.

A

F, it only opens in response to food.

25
Q

Pepsin evolved to work at a pH of

A

1

26
Q

T/F- does the acid in the stomach kill amylase?

A

T

27
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Secretes insulin to break down sugars and glucagon to release stored sugars.
Also releases an enzyme to raise the pH of chyme coming into the duodenum.

28
Q

Hiatus Hernia

A

portions of the stomach protrude through the esophageal hiatus.

29
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

increased intra-abdominal pressure.

30
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Chronic inflammation and destruction of the colonic mucosa resulting in chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain.

31
Q

Diverticulosis

A

the appearance of numerous small sacculations of the colon wall which become inflamed and rupture

32
Q

Jaundice

A

hemoglobin breakdown exceeds the ability of the liver to metabolize and excrete it, or when the hepatic and bile ducts are blocked- used as a sign of liver dysfunction.

33
Q

Gallstones

A

stones may form in the gallbladder and obstruct the normal flow of bile leading in to the enlargement and inflammation of the gallbladder.

34
Q

Pancreatic acini

A

exocrine glands- produce enzymes capable of digesting food.

35
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

endocrine glands- produce hormones glucagon and insulin.

36
Q

Submucosa contains

A

blood vessels, nerves, and glands

37
Q

Muscular externa

A

contractions of the stomach

38
Q

Serosa

A

outermost layer- anchors the digestive tract to surrounding structures.

39
Q

Portal triads are composed of three major tubes:

A

Branches of the hepatic artery carry oxygenated blood to the hepatocytes
branches of the portal vein carry blood with nutrients from the small intestine.
The bile duct carries bile products away from the hepatocytes, to the larger ducts and gall bladder.

40
Q

The larynx moves up to

A

help the epiglottis close the entrance to the lungs when swallowing.

41
Q

Which products of digestion are carried in the blood directly to the liver

A

simple sugars, amino acids, glycerol, and some vitamins and salts

42
Q

Which products of digestion are carried via the lacteal system to the heart first?

A

Lipids

43
Q

What is the name of the endocrine gland on top of each kidney?

A

adrenal gland

44
Q

What structures enter or exit the concave surface of the kidney at the renal hilus?

A

Renal artery, vein, and ureter.

45
Q

Because the urinary system will 100%, <100%, and 0% absorb something when levels of a certain substance goes up, some things shouldn’t be found in the filtrate/urine. What are these products?

A

Amino acids, blood cells.

46
Q

What specific cell type lines the PCT?

A

Cuboidal epithelium w/ microvilli.

47
Q

The renal vein travels to the

A

vena cava

48
Q

The pressure in the glomerulus forces everything except ____ through the efferent arteriole.

A

cells and large proteins

49
Q

If you need to relieve pressure use a ____ drug

A

diuretic

A&P 2 LAB (4 decks)

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