Exercises

Question 1

Noun complement clause

Answer 1

A complement clause introduced by that/whether and is attached to a preceding noun. You don’t have to add a gap here.

Question 2

Restrictive or non-restrictive relative clause

Answer 2

Non-restrictive: comma’s, additional information

Question 3

What kind of gaps are there?

Answer 3

1. Subject gap
2. Object gap
3. Adverbial gap

Adverbial gap = The ease with which you learn language • is amazing.

Question 4

When to place a gap?

Answer 4

That? = end of clause
Wh-word? = after the wh-word
Adverbial? = the ease “with which you learn language” is amazing

Question 5

Verbs and functions of non-finites

Answer 5

Kinda of non-finite verbs:
1. Bare infinitive
2. To infinitive
3. Passive participle
4. -ing (present participle)

Functions for non-finite verbs:
1. Subject (or subject extraposition)
2. Object (compl. to verb or noun)
3. Modifier to the noun
4. Adverbial

Question 6

Kinds of subclauses

Answer 6

1. Subject (e.g. of s1) or extra subj
2. Main clause
3. Complement (e.g. to V, to N)
4. Complement to V: DO

Question 7

1. Mono-transitive verbs
2. Intransitive verbs
3. Ditransitive verbs
4. Complex transitive
5. Complex intransitive

Answer 7

1. DO
2. No DO/IO
3. DO and IO
4. DO and OC
5. SC

Question 8

Identifying modifiers and their phrasal categories

Answer 8

Modifiers are words/phrases that provide additional information about another word (usually noun or verb).

1. Adjectives
2. Adverbs
3. Determiners
4. PPs
5. NPs
   Etc.

Question 9

How to identify subordinate clauses?

Answer 9

These clauses are triggered by words such as if, although, since, even, after, who, whether, which, while, so that, once, as.

Question 10

When is a subordinate clause a relative clause?

Answer 10

1. When it’s introduced by a relative pronoun/adverb (which, who, that, where, whose, where, when).
2. When it modifies a noun/NP.
3. When it functions to add additional information to the noun it modifies.

Question 11

Level of directness

Answer 11

Please clean up the kitchen! (imperative; direct)

Could you clean up the kitchen?(interrogative; direct, but less direct than the imperative)

Does the kitchen look dirty to you?(interrogative; indirect)

I’d like the kitchen cleaned up.(declarative; indirect)

What a mess you’ve made in the kitchen! (exclamative; indirect)