Exercise Science Chapter 2 - vocabulary Flashcards
Exercise Physiology
Exercise physiology
The study of how the body functions during physical activity and exercise.
Systolic blood pressure
The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls during ventricular contraction. (systole)
Diastolic blood pressure
The pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the cardiac cycle; indicative of total peripheral resistance.
Lipid
The name for fats used in the body and bloodstream.
Glucose
A simple sugar; the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body’s principal energy source.
Anxiety
A state of uneasiness and apprehension; occurs in some mental disorders.
Depression
- The action of lowering a muscle or bone, or movement in an inferior or downward direction.
- A condition of general emotional dejection and withdrawal; sadness greater and more prolonged than that warranted by any objective reason.
Osteoporosis
A disorder, primarily affecting postmenopausal women, in which bone density decreases and susceptibility to fractures increases.
Sedentary
Doing or requiring much sitting; minimal activity.
Physical fitness
The physical components of well-being that enable a person to function at an optimal level.
Heart rate
The number of heart beats per minute.
Mind/body vitality
An individual’s ability to minimize or alleviate unnecessary stress and tension from the body through the integration of physical exercise and mental focus.
Muscular strength
The maximal force a muscle of muscle group can exert during contraction.
Muscular endurance
The ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force against a resistance over a sustained period of time.
Cardiovascular or cardiorespiratory endurance
The capacity of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the working muscles and tissues during sustained exercise and to remove metabolic waste products that would result in fatigue; the ability to perform large muscle movements over a sustained period, also called cardiovascular endurance.
Aerobic
In the presence of oxygen.
Flexibility
The ability to move joints through their normal full range of motion.
Range of motion (ROM)
The number of degrees through which an articulation will allow one of its segments to move.
Body composition
The makeup of the body in terms of the relative percentage of fat-free mass and body fat.
Lean body mass
The components of the body (apart from fat) including muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood, and organs.
Adipose tissue
Fatty tissue, connective tissue made up of fat cells.
Essential fat
Essential fatty acids:
Fatty acids that the body needs but cannot synthesize, includes linolenic (omega-3) and linoleic (omega-6) fatty acids.
Storage fat
Fat contained within adipose tissue that acts as an energy store and thermal insulation, and also cushions the internal organs.
Fat
An essential nutrient that provides energy, energy storage, insulation, and contour to the body. 1 gram of fat equals 9 kcal.
Overweight
A term to describe an excessive amount of weight for a given height, using height-to-weight ratios.
Hypertension
High blood pressure, or the elevation of resting blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg.
Type 2 diabetes
Most common form of diabetes; typically develops in adulthood and is characterized by a reduced sensitivity of the insulin target cels to available insulin; usually associated with obesity; formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and adult onset diabetes.
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Coronary heart disease (CHD):
The major form of cardiovascular disease; results when the coronary arteries are narrowed or occluded most commonly by atherosclerotic deposits of fibrous and fatty tissue; also called coronary artery disease (CAD).
Obesity
An excessive accumulation of body fat. Usually defined as more than 20% above ideal weight, or over 25% body fat for menand over 32% body fat for women; also can be defined as a body mass index of > 30 kg/m² or a waist girth of ≥ 40 inches (102 cm) in men and ≥ 35 inches (89 cm) in women.
