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Large Animal Medicine > Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the VO2 Max of a fit race horse?

A

160mL/kg/min

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2
Q

How big area horses lungs compared to a cow?

A

2x the size and 1.6x the surface area

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3
Q

What is the heart mass of an athletic horse?

A

0.9-1% BW

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4
Q

What is the muscle mass in horses?

A

50% BW

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5
Q

What are 2 muscle adaptations that horses have to increase athletic capacity?

A

Higher concentration of intramuscular glycogen

Larger number of mitochondria/unit muscle weight

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6
Q

What are 2 different storage forms of energy to be utilized?

A

Intramuscular glycogen and triglycerides

Extramuscular stores such as adipose tissue and liver glycogen

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7
Q

How quickly does a horse use up its stored energy?

A

Less than a minute, allows animal to start moving

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8
Q

What is the first type of energy metabolism to spool up?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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9
Q

When does anaerobic glycolysis peak?

A

2mins

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10
Q

What is the rate of energy production in the aerobic pathway?

A

Slow

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11
Q

What type of respiration do we see with low intensity exercise?

A

Mostly aerobic

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12
Q

At 20-30% glycogen depletion, we move to fat as a substrate, why?

A

We want to spare the glycogen because it’s the link between the aerobic and anaerobic system so you don’t want to totally deplete it

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13
Q

As exercise intensity increases oxydation of what substrate is endangered?

A

CHO (most notably glycogen)

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14
Q

Increased intensity increases demand of..?

A

Oxygen

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15
Q

Once exercise has increased to a point where ATP needs are no longer met by O2 delivery, what type of respiration do we switch to?

A

Anaerobic

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16
Q

What 5 things does the proportion of energy pulled from each storage form depend on?

A 
Speed and duration of work
Feed
Fitness
Muscle fiber composition
Age of the horse
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17
Q

How many pure for muscle fibers do horses have?

A

3

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18
Q

What are the 3 pure forms of muscle fiber that horses have?

A

Type I
Type IIA
Type IIX

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19
Q

How many hybrid muscle fiber types do horses have?

A

2

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20
Q

What are the 2 hybrid muscle fiber types?

A

Type I & IIA

Type IIAX

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21
Q

What is special about Type IIAX muscle fibers?

A

They’re locomotor muscles

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22
Q

What type of fibers are the Type I fibers?

A

Slow twitch oxidative fibers

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23
Q

How quickly do Type I fibers hydrolize ATP?

A

Slowly

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24
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Type I fibers?

A

High # of capillaries -> high oxidative capacity
Fatigue slowly
Slow repetitive movement

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25
What sort of force do Type I muscles generate?
Poor power generation
26
What type of fibers are the Type II fibers?
Fast twitch fibers
27
What type of fibers are the Type IIA fibers?
Fast oxidative glycolytic fibers
28
What are 2 qualities of Type IIA fibers?
Large # capillaries and mitochondria | Sustain high power for prolonged periods
29
What type of fibers are the Type IIX fibers?
Fast glycolytic fibers
30
What is a difference in the speed of Type IIA and Type IIX fibers?
Type IIX are 3x faster than IIA
31
What sort of power do you get from Type IIX fibers?
High power output for a limited duration
32
What is a Type IIAX fiber?
And intermediate between Type IIA and Type IIX
33
What type of muscle is the forelimb mostly made of?
Type I
34
What type of muscle is the hind limb mostly made of?
Type II
35
In a single muscle bundle, where are the two types of muscle generally located?
Type I is more central, Type IIX tends to be more on the outside
36
Muscle fibers are recruited in a predictable pattern, what is that pattern?
Type I > Type IIA > Type IIAX > Type IIX NOTE: Type IIX is only recruited near maximal intensity
37
What 4 things does the relative contribution of energy pathways depend on?
Nature, intensity and duration of activity Muscle fiber type composition Available O2 Substrate composition
38
What is the PCV of an exercising horse?
60-70%
39
By how much can a horse inccrease it's PCV via splenic contraction?
~50%
40
How can you increase the O2 carrying capacity of the blood in a horse?
Training the horse and increasing baseline PCV will allow it to have a higher max PCV with splenic contraction
41
Can you give a horse EPO?
Yeah, but their immune systems usually flip their shit and it can result in unresolvable lethal anemia
42
What is the normal heart rate of a horse?
25-45bpm
43
What is the Cardiac Output equation?
CO = HR x SV
44
What is the normal cardiac output of a horse at rest?
25L/min
45
What is the expected cardiac output of a horse during exercise?
300L/min
46
What is the expected heart rate of a horse during intense exercise?
220-250bpm
47
When a horse goes from intense exercise to resting, how do we expect the heart rate to respond?
Should start dropping fast, will hover around 60-70bpm for a bit and then continue to drop.
48
What 3 things dictate stroke volume?
Myocardial contractility Venous return Blood volume
49
What 3 things affect venous return?
Vasoconstriction Muscle contraction Changes in air pressure within the thorax
50
How much of a volume increase can splenic contraction contribute?
12L volume increase
51
What is the limiting factor for maximal exercise?
The respiratory system
52
What is the normal ventilation of a horse at rest?
80L/min
53
What ventilation can we see in an exercising horse?
1800 L/min
54
What are 4 ways you can increase the tidal volume?
Increase diaphragm contractions Increase pleural pressure changes Increase flow Limit muscular activity
55
At a gallop and canter, wht is respiration coupled to?
Stride frequency
56
What feature do horses have that help increase O2 delivery initially?
Heat in limbs and decreased pH favours a right shift of the O2 dissociation curve NOTE: As the rest of the animal heats up and pH drops, this becomes a hinderance
57
What is a major limitation in the exercising horse with regards to O2 consumption?
Horse's muscle mass consumes more O2 than the heart and lungs can provide
58
What is the number 1 cause of poor performance and exercise intolerance in the horse?
Lameness
59
What is the number 2 cause of poor performance and exercise intolerance in the horse?
Respiratory system
60
What is the number 3 cause of poor performance and exercise intolerance in the horse?
Cardiovascular system
61
What are 3 limits to the cardiovascular system?
SV can only increase 20-50% Extreme HRs reduce ventricular filling Hypoxemia at 65% VO2 max d/t diffusion limitation (RBCs pass too fast to saturate or unload O2)
62
What are 3 limitations to the respiratory system?
Limit to increased RR (1:1 stride ratio, max rate 130/min) Limit to ventilation Resistance to airflow in the upper airway
63
What are 3 causes of muscle fatigue in the endurance horse?
Glycogen depletion Type 1 then type 2 fibers Fat - cannot produce enough energy for the level of exercise
64
What muscle fibers are we using in high intensity exercise?
Type IIX
65
What 2 things do we see increase in the muscles during high intensity exercise?
Anaerobic production | Lactate levels
66
What A/B disturbance do we expect to see in high intensity exercise?
Metabolic acidosis NOTE: Acidosis impairs glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation therefore decreasing ATP
67
What is the cause of fatigue in aerobic respiration?
Glycogen depletion
68
From first to last, in what order do the muscle fibers fatigue?
I>IIA>IIX
69
What is fatigue in anaerobic metabolism correlated with?
Type II fibers
70
What 5 ways does training improve O2 delivery?
``` Increase in heart mass Increase in SV Increase in PCV Increase in total RBC volume Increased capillary supply to the muscles ```
71
In what 2 ways is blood redistributed during exercise?
Vasodilation to muscles and skin | Vasocontriction to splanchnic region and non-working muscles
72
What 5 metabolites are produced by working muscles?
``` Heat K H Lactate CO2 ```
73
What 4 changes occur during changes?
More Type IIA fibers More mitochondria Oxidative enzymes Glycogen stores
74
What are 2 main reasons we do an exercise evaluation?
Evaluate an animal with a complaint | Do a fitness assessment
75
What are 2 complaints we would do an exercise evaluation for?
Poor performance | Exercise intolerance
76
What 2 things would we do a fitness assessment for?
Evaluate the fitness | Assessment of potential (really difficult to do)
77
What are 2 different exercise tests you might see?
Incrimental exercise test | Run to fatigue test
78
What 2 things would we look at to assess athletic ability of a horse?
Heart rate | Lactate levels
79
When assessing an horses athletic ability, what 2 things do we look at regarding heart rate?
Speed at the horses maximum heart rate | Speed at which heart rate of 200bpm is achieved
80
When assessing an horses athletic ability, what 2 things do we look at regarding lactate levels?
Speed at which lactate reaches 4mmol/L (if running slower at 4, less fit than another horse who can run faster at 4) Maximum lactate levels achieved
81
What 4 things do you consider when trying to asses performance potential?
Heart sizes Muscle biopsy Intermandibular width Treadmill testing
82
What is one characteristic of the horse that we cannot predict or assess?
Will to win

Large Animal Medicine (5 decks)

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