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Large Animal Medicine > Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the VO2 Max of a fit race horse?

A

160mL/kg/min

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2
Q

How big area horses lungs compared to a cow?

A

2x the size and 1.6x the surface area

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3
Q

What is the heart mass of an athletic horse?

A

0.9-1% BW

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4
Q

What is the muscle mass in horses?

A

50% BW

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5
Q

What are 2 muscle adaptations that horses have to increase athletic capacity?

A

Higher concentration of intramuscular glycogen

Larger number of mitochondria/unit muscle weight

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6
Q

What are 2 different storage forms of energy to be utilized?

A

Intramuscular glycogen and triglycerides

Extramuscular stores such as adipose tissue and liver glycogen

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7
Q

How quickly does a horse use up its stored energy?

A

Less than a minute, allows animal to start moving

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8
Q

What is the first type of energy metabolism to spool up?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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9
Q

When does anaerobic glycolysis peak?

A

2mins

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10
Q

What is the rate of energy production in the aerobic pathway?

A

Slow

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11
Q

What type of respiration do we see with low intensity exercise?

A

Mostly aerobic

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12
Q

At 20-30% glycogen depletion, we move to fat as a substrate, why?

A

We want to spare the glycogen because it’s the link between the aerobic and anaerobic system so you don’t want to totally deplete it

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13
Q

As exercise intensity increases oxydation of what substrate is endangered?

A

CHO (most notably glycogen)

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14
Q

Increased intensity increases demand of..?

A

Oxygen

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15
Q

Once exercise has increased to a point where ATP needs are no longer met by O2 delivery, what type of respiration do we switch to?

A

Anaerobic

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16
Q

What 5 things does the proportion of energy pulled from each storage form depend on?

A 
Speed and duration of work
Feed
Fitness
Muscle fiber composition
Age of the horse
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17
Q

How many pure for muscle fibers do horses have?

A

3

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18
Q

What are the 3 pure forms of muscle fiber that horses have?

A

Type I
Type IIA
Type IIX

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19
Q

How many hybrid muscle fiber types do horses have?

A

2

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20
Q

What are the 2 hybrid muscle fiber types?

A

Type I & IIA

Type IIAX

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21
Q

What is special about Type IIAX muscle fibers?

A

They’re locomotor muscles

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22
Q

What type of fibers are the Type I fibers?

A

Slow twitch oxidative fibers

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23
Q

How quickly do Type I fibers hydrolize ATP?

A

Slowly

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24
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Type I fibers?

A

High # of capillaries -> high oxidative capacity
Fatigue slowly
Slow repetitive movement

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25
Q

What sort of force do Type I muscles generate?

A

Poor power generation

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26
Q

What type of fibers are the Type II fibers?

A

Fast twitch fibers

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27
Q

What type of fibers are the Type IIA fibers?

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic fibers

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28
Q

What are 2 qualities of Type IIA fibers?

A

Large # capillaries and mitochondria

Sustain high power for prolonged periods

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29
Q

What type of fibers are the Type IIX fibers?

A

Fast glycolytic fibers

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30
Q

What is a difference in the speed of Type IIA and Type IIX fibers?

A

Type IIX are 3x faster than IIA

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31
Q

What sort of power do you get from Type IIX fibers?

A

High power output for a limited duration

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32
Q

What is a Type IIAX fiber?

A

And intermediate between Type IIA and Type IIX

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33
Q

What type of muscle is the forelimb mostly made of?

A

Type I

34
Q

What type of muscle is the hind limb mostly made of?

A

Type II

35
Q

In a single muscle bundle, where are the two types of muscle generally located?

A

Type I is more central, Type IIX tends to be more on the outside

36
Q

Muscle fibers are recruited in a predictable pattern, what is that pattern?

A

Type I > Type IIA > Type IIAX > Type IIX

NOTE: Type IIX is only recruited near maximal intensity

37
Q

What 4 things does the relative contribution of energy pathways depend on?

A

Nature, intensity and duration of activity
Muscle fiber type composition
Available O2
Substrate composition

38
Q

What is the PCV of an exercising horse?

A

60-70%

39
Q

By how much can a horse inccrease it’s PCV via splenic contraction?

A

~50%

40
Q

How can you increase the O2 carrying capacity of the blood in a horse?

A

Training the horse and increasing baseline PCV will allow it to have a higher max PCV with splenic contraction

41
Q

Can you give a horse EPO?

A

Yeah, but their immune systems usually flip their shit and it can result in unresolvable lethal anemia

42
Q

What is the normal heart rate of a horse?

A

25-45bpm

43
Q

What is the Cardiac Output equation?

A

CO = HR x SV

44
Q

What is the normal cardiac output of a horse at rest?

A

25L/min

45
Q

What is the expected cardiac output of a horse during exercise?

A

300L/min

46
Q

What is the expected heart rate of a horse during intense exercise?

A

220-250bpm

47
Q

When a horse goes from intense exercise to resting, how do we expect the heart rate to respond?

A

Should start dropping fast, will hover around 60-70bpm for a bit and then continue to drop.

48
Q

What 3 things dictate stroke volume?

A

Myocardial contractility
Venous return
Blood volume

49
Q

What 3 things affect venous return?

A

Vasoconstriction
Muscle contraction
Changes in air pressure within the thorax

50
Q

How much of a volume increase can splenic contraction contribute?

A

12L volume increase

51
Q

What is the limiting factor for maximal exercise?

A

The respiratory system

52
Q

What is the normal ventilation of a horse at rest?

A

80L/min

53
Q

What ventilation can we see in an exercising horse?

A

1800 L/min

54
Q

What are 4 ways you can increase the tidal volume?

A

Increase diaphragm contractions
Increase pleural pressure changes
Increase flow
Limit muscular activity

55
Q

At a gallop and canter, wht is respiration coupled to?

A

Stride frequency

56
Q

What feature do horses have that help increase O2 delivery initially?

A

Heat in limbs and decreased pH favours a right shift of the O2 dissociation curve

NOTE: As the rest of the animal heats up and pH drops, this becomes a hinderance

57
Q

What is a major limitation in the exercising horse with regards to O2 consumption?

A

Horse’s muscle mass consumes more O2 than the heart and lungs can provide

58
Q

What is the number 1 cause of poor performance and exercise intolerance in the horse?

A

Lameness

59
Q

What is the number 2 cause of poor performance and exercise intolerance in the horse?

A

Respiratory system

60
Q

What is the number 3 cause of poor performance and exercise intolerance in the horse?

A

Cardiovascular system

61
Q

What are 3 limits to the cardiovascular system?

A

SV can only increase 20-50%
Extreme HRs reduce ventricular filling
Hypoxemia at 65% VO2 max d/t diffusion limitation (RBCs pass too fast to saturate or unload O2)

62
Q

What are 3 limitations to the respiratory system?

A

Limit to increased RR (1:1 stride ratio, max rate 130/min)
Limit to ventilation
Resistance to airflow in the upper airway

63
Q

What are 3 causes of muscle fatigue in the endurance horse?

A

Glycogen depletion
Type 1 then type 2 fibers
Fat - cannot produce enough energy for the level of exercise

64
Q

What muscle fibers are we using in high intensity exercise?

A

Type IIX

65
Q

What 2 things do we see increase in the muscles during high intensity exercise?

A

Anaerobic production

Lactate levels

66
Q

What A/B disturbance do we expect to see in high intensity exercise?

A

Metabolic acidosis

NOTE: Acidosis impairs glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation therefore decreasing ATP

67
Q

What is the cause of fatigue in aerobic respiration?

A

Glycogen depletion

68
Q

From first to last, in what order do the muscle fibers fatigue?

A

I>IIA>IIX

69
Q

What is fatigue in anaerobic metabolism correlated with?

A

Type II fibers

70
Q

What 5 ways does training improve O2 delivery?

A 
Increase in heart mass
Increase in SV
Increase in PCV
Increase in total RBC volume
Increased capillary supply to the muscles
71
Q

In what 2 ways is blood redistributed during exercise?

A

Vasodilation to muscles and skin

Vasocontriction to splanchnic region and non-working muscles

72
Q

What 5 metabolites are produced by working muscles?

A 
Heat
K
H
Lactate
CO2
73
Q

What 4 changes occur during changes?

A

More Type IIA fibers
More mitochondria
Oxidative enzymes
Glycogen stores

74
Q

What are 2 main reasons we do an exercise evaluation?

A

Evaluate an animal with a complaint

Do a fitness assessment

75
Q

What are 2 complaints we would do an exercise evaluation for?

A

Poor performance

Exercise intolerance

76
Q

What 2 things would we do a fitness assessment for?

A

Evaluate the fitness

Assessment of potential (really difficult to do)

77
Q

What are 2 different exercise tests you might see?

A

Incrimental exercise test

Run to fatigue test

78
Q

What 2 things would we look at to assess athletic ability of a horse?

A

Heart rate

Lactate levels

79
Q

When assessing an horses athletic ability, what 2 things do we look at regarding heart rate?

A

Speed at the horses maximum heart rate

Speed at which heart rate of 200bpm is achieved

80
Q

When assessing an horses athletic ability, what 2 things do we look at regarding lactate levels?

A

Speed at which lactate reaches 4mmol/L (if running slower at 4, less fit than another horse who can run faster at 4)
Maximum lactate levels achieved

81
Q

What 4 things do you consider when trying to asses performance potential?

A

Heart sizes
Muscle biopsy
Intermandibular width
Treadmill testing

82
Q

What is one characteristic of the horse that we cannot predict or assess?

A

Will to win

Large Animal Medicine (5 decks)

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