exercise physiology Flashcards
how does oxygen exchange change as long term effect too exercise
Increased Diffusion
Diffusion increases due to the ↑ in lung volumes (which provides greater alveolar–capillary surface area & therefore more sites where diffusion can occur)
The ↑ in diffusion is seen at rest &
during submaximal & maximal
exercise intensities
Increased capillarization allows for
more O2 to be transported to the
working muscles & a greater surface
area for diffusion to take place
how does cardiac output change as a long term effect too exercise
Increase in maximum cardiac output due to increase in SV
Cardiac Output increases at maximal workloads, which increases the delivery of oxygen & the removal of by-products & allows greater aerobic glycolysis to occur
See the following examples:
Rest:
Untrained: 5000ml = 70 bpm x 71 ml
Trained: 5000ml = 50 bpm x 100 ml
Maximal Exercise:
Untrained: 20,000 ml = 200 bpm x 100ml
Trained: 30,000ml = 200 bpm x 150ml
how does heart rate decrease as a long term effect to exercise
The heart doesn’t have to work as hard to provide the
required O2 & nutrients to the muscles
Decrease steady state heart rate
Increase efficiency of the cardiovascular system
means that at submaximal intensities, trained athletes
will reach a steady state at a lower HR
why do muscles need blood?
to receive oxygen and nutrients and fuel (glucose and carbohydrates) and to remove carbon dioxide
why does the body heat up when exercising
friction of the blood vessels moving against each other the chemical reactions also cause us to heat up such as cell respiration
what the the average blood temperature for humans
37.2 degrees this should be maintained
what are some immediate things which occur as we begin exercise
faster heart rate faster breathing rate higher blood pressure muscles produce more waste products sweating increased gaseous exchange Lower supplies of fuels
define stroke volume
the amount of blood pushed out of the ventricles in one singular contraction
what is cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate so it explains the amount off blood which is pumped out to the rest of the the body through the aorta in one minute
cardiac output does what during exercise
because there is more demand for blood
what is tidal volume
the total amount of blood coming in and out off the lungs in one breath
what happens too the tidal volume as we exercise
the amount of ventilation increases causing the tidal volume to increase
what is blood pressure
Blood pressure is a measure of the force of your blood, pushing against the arteries
what is atrioventricular oxygen difference
arteries are full of oxygen they have about 20% full off oxygen
the this blood comes back from the venous exchange it would have about 18% full off oxygen
this means 2% is used at rest
during exercise you are working hard 16% of the oxygen is used meaning that 2% comes back in the venous return
so during exercise you have a larger atrioventricular difference because they are working harder and the muscles need more of the oxygen and nutrients.
Where is the energy your body needs for muscle contractions derived from
Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
The energy used by the body can be used as carbs fats and protien bt the body what are they used as
Chemical compound called adenosphine triphosphate
Where is ATP stored
In small amounts of muscle cells
How is energy released
When one of the adenosphine molecules is released energy released between the two phosphates this energy can then be used too perform physical activity
What are carbohydrates
Primary source of ATP for muscle contraction they are broken down into glucose for blood transportation and stored as glycogen in the muscles and the liver
Examples of carbohydrates are sugars starches bread pasta
What are fats
Secondary source of ATP for muscle contraction. They are broken down into fatty acids which are stored as fat tissue or a circulated in the blood as triglycerides which are stored in the muscle
Found in butter cheese and oils
They are the main source of fuel at rest or sub-maximal exercise
What are proteins
Proteins are used to produce ATP only under extreme conditions such as competing ultra marathon or triathlon
Found in meat fish eggs beans
Used for growth and repair
What are the three energy systems
The ATP-CP system and the lactic acid system and the aerobic system
Explain the ATP-CP system
This is the most intermediate source of ATP this is when the One of the phosphate bonds are broken meaning that one adenosphine breaks off and energy is released since the stores of ATP are limited the ADP and phosphate will re-combine to produce ATP the body can quickly breakdown another phosphate fuel called creatine phosphate which is stored in the muscles Since this process has limited stores of CP this process lasts for 10 seconds of high intensity exercise.
How can you determine which energy system is being used
It depends on the duration and intensity of the physical activity
Explain the anaerobic pathways for energy production
Due to the fact it takes time for the oxygen to reach the lungs and be absorbed by the blood and to be transported to the working muscles The time when oxygen consumption is below the necessary supply ATP will be produced through an anaerobic pathway this will mean that there will be an oxygen debt which can then be recovered during oxygen recovery
The two systems which work on an anaerobic pathways are the 80 PCP system and the lactic acid system
Explain the lactic acid system
The lactic acid system continues after the ATP CP System it also does not use oxygen system uses carbohydrates as fuel to manufacture ATP the carbohydrates are converted into glucose which are transported by the blood to the muscles and the liver to be stored as glycogen with eight of enzymes the glycogen is converted to a substance called lactic acid This produces to ATP molecules The lactic acid system provides energy for 30 seconds to 2 minute activities.
Why is a build up of lactic acid not the best
The lactic acid produced by chemical reaction is toxic in large amounts and causes discomfort and fatigue.
Explain the anaerobic system
After 2 to 3 minutes of exercise due to respiratory rate title volume heart rate/volume and cardiac output increasing oxygen will be needed to produce ATP aerobically during aerobic energy production a carbohydrate fat or protein break down to release 32 ATP molecules
At first carbs are sufficient but after 2 to 3 hours the body will look to switch too an alternitive source of fuel and the body will begin to use fats
Why do people become breathless durring exercise
Because during aerobic respiration the breakdown of carbohydrates and fat requires oxygen and if your exercise rate remains consistent there will be a debt of oxygen which causes breathlessness and fatigue
List the key characteristics of the each of the energy systems
ATP CP: no oxygen required, most rapid supply of energy, uses chemical fuel creating phosphate, very limited ATP production, used for any high-power short duration activity up to 10 seconds, muscle stores of ATP and CP Are limited
Lactic acid system: no oxygen required, rapid supply of energy, fuel carbohydrates, produces two molecules of ATP, used for 1 to 2 minutes, lactic acid is produced causing fatigue
Aerobic system: oxygen involved in the reaction, slow supply of energy, glucose fats and proteins, unlimited a production of ATP, used for a long duration activities, byproducts our carbon dioxide and water
What is a VO 2 Max
And individuals capacity for aerobic ATP production
Define heart rate and why does it increase during exercise
The amount if times the heart beats in a minute heart rate elevates during exercise because the body needs to rapidly supply the muscles with blood so the heart must pump faster to meet the demand of blood needed.
Why does stroke volume increase with exercise
Stroke volume increases because there is more venous blood is returning to the heart from the muscles so more blood will be pumped out off the heart with each contraction.
