Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health Neuroscience > Exercise Neuroscience > Flashcards

Exercise Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (PA)

A
  • any activity involving movement of body that increases HR/energy expenditure above resting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

EXERCISE

A
  • structured/planned PA aimed to improve strength/fitness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

LOW INTENSITY EXERCISE

A
  • activity < 3 METS (metabolic equivalents)
  • 1 MET = amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest
  • ie. casual walking; gardening; leisurely sports; golf; light yardwork; house work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MODERATE INTENSITY EXERCISE

A
  • 3-6 METS/50-70% Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)
  • ie. brisk walking (3.5+ MPH); yoga; gymnastics; low impact aerobics; weight training; moderate dancing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HIGH INTENSTY EXERCISE (VIGOROUS)

A
  • 6+ METS/70-85% (+) Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)
  • ie. running; swimming; soccer; high impact aerobics; circuit weight training; race walking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MEASURING EXERCISE INTENSITY

A
  • heart rate reserve (HRR) = % x maximum heart rate (220 - age)
    EXAMPLE
  • age = 25
  • maximum HR: 220 - 25 = 195
  • HRR moderate: 50% x 195 = 97.5
  • HRR vigorous: 70% x 195 = 136.5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

BORG RPE SCALE

A
  • perceived exertion; 1-10:
    0 = rest
    1 = really easy
    2 = easy
    3 = moderate
    4 = sort of hard
    5/6 = hard
    7/8 = really hard
    9 = really, really hard
    10 = maximum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR ADULTS & OLDER ADULTS

A
  • benefits health
  • improves sleep
  • maintains healthy weight
  • manages stress
  • improves quality of life
  • reduces chance of: type 2 diabetes (-40%); cardivascular (-35%); depression (-30%); joing/back pain (-25%); cancers (-20%)
  • some is good; more is better
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ADULT EXERCISE GUIDELINES

A
  • minimise sedentary time; break up periods of inactivity
  • be active 150 min moderately (ie. swimming/cycling)/75 min vigorously p/week (ie. running)
  • dance/tai chi/bowling x2 p/week = reduce chance of fraility/falls (aka. improve balance) in older adults
  • gym/yoga/weight lifting x2 p/week = keeps muscles/bones/joints strong (aka. builds strength)
  • 1/3 (34%) men & 1/2 (42%) women DON’T meet said guidelines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MOREAU & CHOU (2019)

A
  • acute effect of high-intensity exercise on executive function (meta-analysis)
  • high-intensity exercise (77% + HHR) = small sig facilitating effect on executive function post exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

LUDYGA ET AL. (2016)

A
  • acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in dif age/fitness groups (meta-analysis)
  • moderate intensity exercise = small effect on executive function task performance (g = .35)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

LOWE, KOLEV & HALL (2016)

A
  • 20 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise -> improved executive function task performance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LOWE, STAINES & HALL (2017)

A
  • aerobic exercise can promote recovery from fluctuations in dIPFC activity
  • n = 28; 100% women; completed 20 min moderate/v light exercise
  • speed/incline = adjusted to reach target HR
  • THR = RHR + (TI x (220 - age) - RHR)
  • post-stimulation: moderate > v light stroop interference
  • post-exercise: v light > moderate stroop interference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MANOCCHIO & LOWE (2021)

A
  • aerobic exercise can protect against fluctuations in dIPFC activity
  • n = 22; 62% women; completed 20 min moderate/v light exercise
  • speed/incline = adjusted to reach target HR
  • THR = RHR + (TI x (220 - age) - RHR)
  • moderate: change between baseline VS post-exercise interference > v light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ASSOCIATION NETWORKS AFFECTED BY AGING

A
  • executive control network (ECN)
  • dorsal attention network (DAN)
  • salience (SAL) network
  • default network (DN)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MEMORY OUTCOMES POST TRAINING

A
  • improved for aerobic group:
    1. word list recall = 29% (4/14)
    2. story recall = 33% (2/6)
    3. relational = 75% (3/4)
  • NO improvement:
    1. visuospatial = 0% (0/2)
17
Q

SENSITIVE MEMORY OUTCOMES ACROSS AGE GROUPS & DESIGNS

A
  • YOUNG > OLD
  • functional connectivity = stronger for younger adults
  • thickness indicates connection strength
  • positively related w/fitness; sig correlation for functional connectivity between nodes/fitness; thickness indicates correlation strength
18
Q

SCHAEFFER ET AL. (2014)

A
  • 8-month exercise intervention alters frontotemporal white matter integrity in overweight kids
  • intervention increases frontotemporal white matter tract integrity
19
Q

STEVENTON ET AL. (2021)

A
  • changes in white matter microstructure/MRI-derived cerebral blood flow post 1-week of exercise training
  • exercise = beneficial for vascular plasticity in hippocampus; possibly mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) lvls
20
Q

STEVENTON ET AL. (2021): METHODS

A
  • 15 health young males completed 5 supervised exercise training sessions over 7 days; followed by MRI (diffusion/perfusion weighted & dual-calibrated functional) 1 week apart & blood sampling for BDNF
21
Q

STEVENTON ET AL. (2021): RESULTS

A
  • diffusion tractography analysis = (post-exercise) sig reduction relative to baseline in restricted fraction (axon-specific metric) in corpus callosum/uncinate fasciculus/parahippocampal cingulum
  • voxel-based approach = increase in fractional anisotropy & reduction in radial diffusivity symmetrically in vowels predominantly in corpus collosum
  • selective increase in hippocampal blood flow found post-exercise w/no change in vascular reactivity
  • BDNF lvls = not altered
22
Q

STEVENTON ET AL. (2021): CONCLUSIONS

A
  • 1 week of exercise = sufficient to induce microstructural/vascular brain changes on group lvl (independent of BDNF)
  • aka. provides new insight into temporal dynamics of plasticity necessary to explot therapeutic exercise potential
23
Q

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

A
  • increased resting state functional connectivity between left VS right DLPFC & superior parital gyrus/precuneus post 6-month prorgam (45 min cycling x2 p/week)
24
Q

MECHANISMS OF ACTION

A
  • cerebral blood flow
  • systematic inflammation
  • vascular health
  • neurotransmitters & hormones
25
Q

YANAGISAWA ET AL. (2010)

A
  • acute moderate exercise elicits increased dorsolateral prefrontal activation
  • improves cognitive performance w/Stroop test
26
Q

MORIARTY ET AL. (2019)

A
  • exercise intensity influences prefrontal cortex oxygenation during cognitive testing
  • physical exercise -> increases pro-inflammatory cytokines
27
Q

HORMONES RELEASED W/PA

A
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
  • gamma amino butyric acid
  • glutamate
  • BDNF/VEGF/IGF-1
    ENDORPHINS
  • enkaphalins
  • dynorphins
28
Q

PA RESULTS

A

IMPROVED SYNAPTOGENESIS
- synapse strength
- receptor concentration
- dendrite spine formation
IMPROVED BRAIN HEALTH
- trophic factors
- blood flow
- immune system
- neurogenesis
IMPROVED BEHAVIOUR
- motor/cognitive beh
- mood/motivation

29
Q

BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (BDNF)

A
  • crucial biological link (aka. “master molecule”)
  • improved function of neurons
  • encourages new neurons to grow
  • protects neurons from stress/cell death
30
Q

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF HIGH INTENSITY EXERCISE (HIE) ON CIRCULATING BDNF LVLS IN YOUNG ADULTS

A
  • systematic review; incl. 22 studies (552 adults 20-31y); meta-analysis = 10 RCTs
  • higher BDNF lvls observed when HIE interventions compared w/nonexercise/light intensity exercise
  • no sig increase of BDNF observed when HIE compared to moderate-intensity exercise
  • HIE causes sig increase on serum BDNF lvls; 95% CI = 4866 to 11,828
31
Q

DALY, MCMINN & ALLAN (2014)

A
  • bidirectional relationship between physical activity & executive function in older adults
  • higher lvls of physical activity associated w/better executive functioning (B = .05; SE = .01; t = 8.52; p = .001)
  • high lvls of executive function predicted longitudinal increase in physical activity lvls (B = .05; SE = .01; t = 6.54; p < .001) while adjusting for age/gender/education/wealth/long-standing illness
  • within-person changes in executive functioning = associated w/within-person changes in physical activity lvls (B = .03; SE = .01; t = 4.49; p < .001)
32
Q

LATERAL PFC

A
  • lateral PFC volumes predict exercise adherence
  • gray matter volume in IPFC predicted exercise class attendance in older women

Health Neuroscience (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions