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Foundation of exercise sciences-Degree > Exercise and Health > Flashcards

Exercise and Health Flashcards

1
Q

knowledge vs action

A

•Stay Well in Wales survey (2018) found that 71.6% of the public in Wales believe physical inactivity is an important contributor to poor health and well being…

BUT

•According to the National Survey for Wales (2017) only 54% of the public in Wales were active for at least 150 minutes

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2
Q

what is a determinant?

A

“A factor which decisively affects the nature or outcome of something”

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3
Q

what are some determinants of physical activity?

A

1.Person Characteristics
•Demographic
•Psycho-behavioural

2.Environmental Characteristics
•Human
•Physical

3.Activity Characteristics

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4
Q

what are some person characteristics: Demographics?

A
  1. Sex
  2. Age
  3. Social Economic Status
  4. Education
  5. Ethnicity
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5
Q

what are some person characteristics: Demographics: Sex?

A
  • Males more active from pre-school
  • Particularly vigorous and team sports
  • Males more active in the workplace
  • Females more active at home

57% of adult males and 51% of females reported being active for at least 150 minutes

Females consistently identified as 6-10% less physical active than males

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6
Q

what are some person characteristics: Demographics: Age?

A

•Physical Activity Decreases with age:

  • 6-16 years: 50% decrease
  • Steady decline through 18-75
  • Natural progression?•Cohort effect?

•Decreases from 7 to 15 years (longitudinal study)•Decline initiates earlier than adolescence

Individuals aged 75+ years are on average 2.5 times more likely than 60-64 year olds to be insufficiently active

•Decline occurs sooner in females

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7
Q

what are some person characteristics: Demographics: Socio Economic Status?

A
  • SES influences attitudes, experiences and exposures to risk
  • High SES more likely to exercise
  • At work
  • Low SES males and high SES females more active
  • At home
  • High SES males and low SES females most active
  • SES impacts adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD*

Adults: •Higher earners were 1.9 times more likely than lower earners to meet PA guidelines

Children: •Sig. difference in steps per day across income groups
•When controlling for BMI and sex no longer significant
•Sig difference in MVPA –high SES did more

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8
Q

what are some person characteristics: Demographics: Education?

A
  • Graduates more active
  • Children of educated parents more active
  • Educational level of community better predictor of PA than individuals education*
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9
Q

what are some person characteristics: Demographics: Ethnicity?

A
  • England*
  • Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean most active
  • USA
  • Caucasian most active
  • Black and Hispanic least active
  • Gap is widening
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10
Q

what are some psycho-behavioural factors

A
  1. Self-efficacy
  2. Motivation
  3. Enjoyment
  4. Beliefs
  5. Body Image
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11
Q

what are some psycho-behavioural factors: Self-Efficacy?

A

“Belief in ability to engage in a behaviour with a specific outcome (Bandura, 1997)”

  • Impacts PA choice, effort and persistence
  • Among strongest predictors for initiating and maintaining PA (van Stralenet al, 2009)
  • Sex differences (Spencer et al., 2010)
  • Boys: overcome bad weather
  • Girls: overcome tiredness and homework
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12
Q

what are some psycho-behavioural factors: Motivation?

A

•Achievement goals/climate

  • Self-determined motivation:
  • Autonomy
  • Competence
  • Self-motivation:
  • Commitment
  • Flexibility
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13
Q

what are some psycho-behavioural factors: Enjoyment?

A

“The best type of exercise is the exercise you will do”

  • Enjoyment of PE is the strongest determinant of physical activity in youth aged 9-13 years*
  • Lack of enjoyment is the number one reason for dropout in youth sports
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14
Q

what are some psycho-behavioural factors: Beliefs?

A
  • Knowledge of benefits has little impact
  • Expectation of benefits has a moderate effect
  • Perceived barriers:
  • Lack of time
  • Lack of access to facilities
  • Lack of safe environment
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15
Q

what are some psycho-behavioural factors: Body Image?

A
  • Body dissatisfaction and social physique anxiety:
  • Less PA in leisure time
  • Dropout in exercise programmes*
  • Opposite effect in exercise dependency/anorexia

“Feeling of distress associated with the perceived evaluation of one’s physical self”

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16
Q

what are some Environment Characteristics (Human Environment):

A
  1. Social Support
  2. Leadership
  3. Group Characteristics
17
Q

what are some Environment Characteristics (Human Environment): Social Support

A
  • Predicts PA in European adults*
  • Spousal support predicts PA
  • Most important for…
  • Females
  • Sedentary
  • Early stages of adoption
18
Q

what are some Environment Characteristics (Human Environment): Leadership

A
  • Key characteristic that impacts PA:
  • Style
  • Knowledge
  • Support
  • Socially supportive vs bland leaders:
  • Greater self-efficacy
  • More enjoyment
  • Less fatigue
19
Q

what are some Environment Characteristics (Human Environment): Group Characteristics

A
  • Class size (Carron et al, 1980)
  • Cohesion (Spinket al., 1992)
  • Attraction to task
  • Attractive to social
  • Co-ed vs single sex
  • Enthusiasm
20
Q

what are some Environment Characteristics (Physical Environment):

A

1.Seasonal Variation 2.Urbanisation

21
Q

what are some Environment Characteristics (Physical Environment): Seasonal Variation:

A

•Increased PA in
Spring/Summer

  • Seasonal variation in body mass and BMI
  • Fitness programs are more effective in summer
  • Moderators:
  • Culture
  • Geography
22
Q

what are some Environment Characteristics (Physical Environment): Urbanisation:

A
  • Inactivity risk factors
  • Low SES
  • Population density
  • Pollution and crime
  • Pedestrian environment*
  • Access to resources:
  • Sedentary vs Active
23
Q

what are some Activity Characteristics

A
  1. Intensity
  2. Duration
  3. Injury Risk
24
Q

The facts:

A

> 100,000 studies showing positive associations between the terms “exercise” and “health”

Exercise promotes complex integrative responses that lead to multisystem responses to exercise

We need to consider how strategies that “mimic” parts of exercise training compare with physical exercise for their potential to combat metabolic disease

25
Q

Exercise and blood lipids

A
  • Findings from the majority of randomized studies, confirmed by meta-analyses, have shown a rather good response of triglyceride levels to moderate aerobic, continuous exercise
  • Whereas effects on LDL levels (‘BAD’ cholesterol) of either type of exercise is inconsistent
  • Moderate continuous exercise usually also results in a mild increase, not decrease, of HDL levels (‘GOOD’ cholesterol)
26
Q

Exercise and blood pressure

A
  • At the time: Aerobic activities such as swimming, cycling, and running put additional demands on your cardiovascular system. Your heart starts to pump harder and faster to circulate blood to deliver oxygen to your muscles. As a result, systolic blood pressure rises.
  • Over time: Inverse relationship between blood pressure and PA. Both resistance and endurance training can help control hypertension.
27
Q

Exercise and blood sugar

A
  • Over time: Exercise is widely shown to be beneficial for managing blood sugars. The benefit seen by exercise can be independent of weight loss
  • The effect physical activity has on your blood sugar will vary depending on how long you are active and many other factors
  • Physical activity can lower your blood sugar up to 24 hours or more after your workout by making your body more sensitive to insulin.
28
Q

Exercise and central fat

A
  • Exercise interventions result in a greater reduction in central fat relative to weight loss
  • This could be clinically meaningful when monitoring success of interventions because weight loss alone may underestimate benefits
29
Q

different exercises and its effect on the body?

A
  • Regular aerobic exercise reduces visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver fat
  • Progressive resistance training has no to little effect

Foundation of exercise sciences-Degree (8 decks)

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