Exercise and Diabetes/Obesity/Pregnancy/Postpartum/ Flashcards
Which of the following methods of body composition analysis is considered the most accurate but may be limited by cost and accessibility?
A. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
B. Skinfold Measurements
C. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
D. Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Answer:
C. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Correct: DEXA is the gold standard for precision in body composition analysis, though limited by cost and accessibility.
What it does: Measures body composition, including fat mass, lean mass, and bone density, with high precision. It is considered the gold standard but is expensive and less accessible.
Incorrect:
A. BIA: Non-invasive but less accurate due to variability in hydration levels.
What it does: Uses electrical currents to estimate body fat percentage. Accuracy can vary due to factors such as hydration status, making it less reliable than DEXA.
B. Skinfold Measurements: Practical but highly operator-dependent.
What it does: Estimates body fat percentage by measuring subcutaneous fat at specific sites. Accuracy depends heavily on the skill of the person performing the measurement.
D. Waist-to-Hip Ratio: Measures central adiposity, not full body composition.
What it does: Assesses central adiposity (fat distribution around the waist compared to the hips). It is a strong predictor of cardiovascular and diabetes risks but does not measure total body composition.
For a patient with Type 1 diabetes, which blood glucose range is considered ideal for pre-exercise monitoring?
A. 4.4–6.1 mmol/L (79–110 mg/dL)
B. 6.6–10 mmol/L (119–180 mg/dL)
C. 10.1–14.5 mmol/L (182–261 mg/dL)
D. ≥16.5 mmol/L (297 mg/dL or more)
Answer:
B. 6.6–10 mmol/L (119–180 mg/dL)
Correct: This range minimizes the risk of hypoglycemia and ensures safe glucose levels for physical activity.
Incorrect:
A. 4.4–6.1 mmol/L (79–110 mg/dL): Too low; there is a high risk of hypoglycemia, which can occur during or after exercise.
C. 10.1–14.5 mmol/L (182–261 mg/dL): Slightly elevated but may still be acceptable for some individuals with appropriate precautions.
D. ≥16.5 mmol/L (297 mg/dL or more): Indicates hyperglycemia; exercise is unsafe, especially if ketones are present, as it can worsen the condition.
What is a primary benefit of resistance training in managing Type 2 diabetes?
A. Reduces systolic blood pressure.
B. Enhances muscle glycogen uptake and insulin sensitivity.
C. Decreases ketone production.
D. Prevents retinopathy-related complications.
Answer:
B. Enhances muscle glycogen uptake and insulin sensitivity
Correct: Resistance training improves metabolic health and supports glycemic control.
Incorrect:
A. Reduces systolic blood pressure: More commonly linked with aerobic exercise.
C. Decreases ketone production: Ketone management is more relevant for diet and glucose control.
D. Prevents retinopathy-related complications: Retinopathy management involves avoiding exercises that elevate systolic BP more than 170 systolically.
Which of the following is a key consideration when prescribing exercise for older adults with diabetes?
A. High-intensity interval training to maximize glycemic control.
B. Avoidance of resistance training to minimize injury risk.
C. Incorporating balance training to reduce fall risks.
D. Prioritizing aerobic training only.
C. Incorporating balance training to reduce fall risks
Correct: Balance training is critical for older adults to prevent falls and injuries.
Incorrect:
A. High-intensity interval training: High-intensity activities may not be suitable for all older adults.
B. Avoidance of resistance training: Resistance training helps prevent sarcopenia and maintain strength.
D. Prioritizing aerobic training only: A holistic approach, including flexibility and resistance, is better.
What is the recommended carbohydrate intake during exercise for a diabetic patient to prevent hypoglycemia?
A. 5–10 g every 30 minutes.
B. 15–30 g every 30 minutes.
C. 40–50 g every hour.
D. No carbohydrate intake is necessary during exercise.
Answer:
B. 15–30 g every 30 minutes
Correct: This amount helps maintain blood glucose levels during prolonged exercise.
Incorrect:
A. 5–10 g every 30 minutes: Insufficient to prevent hypoglycemia during extended activity.
C. 40–50 g every hour: May lead to overconsumption and hyperglycemia.
D. No carbohydrate intake: Essential for preventing hypoglycemia, especially in insulin-dependent patients.
Which exercise prescription is most appropriate for a patient with obesity and joint pain?
A. High-impact exercises like running.
B. Resistance training three times a week targeting all muscle groups.
C. Low-impact exercises such as swimming or cycling.
D. Vigorous aerobic exercise for 150 minutes per week.
Answer:
C. Low-impact exercises such as swimming or cycling.
Correct: Low-impact exercises reduce joint strain, making them suitable for patients with obesity who often experience joint pain.
Incorrect:
A. High-impact exercises like running: Can exacerbate joint issues and lead to injuries.
B. Resistance training three times a week: Beneficial but should be combined with low-impact aerobic exercises for comprehensive benefits.
D. Vigorous aerobic exercise for 150 minutes: May be too challenging for a beginner and could increase the risk of injury.
What is the most important consideration when prescribing exercise for a patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy?
A. Emphasizing high-impact weight-bearing exercises.
B. Focusing on flexibility training exclusively.
C. Prioritizing non-weight-bearing exercises, like swimming.
D. Avoiding exercise altogether to prevent complications.
Answer:
C. Prioritizing non-weight-bearing exercises, like swimming.
Correct: Non-weight-bearing exercises reduce the risk of foot ulcers or injuries in patients with peripheral neuropathy.
Incorrect:
A. High-impact weight-bearing exercises: Can increase the risk of injuries and complications.
B. Flexibility training exclusively: While important, it is insufficient on its own for glycemic control or overall fitness.
D. Avoiding exercise: Would lead to missed benefits such as improved glycemic control and cardiovascular health.
Which strategy best supports patient adherence to an exercise prescription?
A. Recommending only individual exercises.
B. Incorporating wearable technology to track activity.
C. Emphasizing strict and inflexible workout routines.
D. Avoiding follow-ups to reduce patient pressure.
Answer:
B. Incorporating wearable technology to track activity.
Correct: Wearable technology can provide motivation and help patients monitor their progress, encouraging adherence.
Incorrect:
A. Recommending only individual exercises: Group settings can enhance motivation and support.
C. Emphasizing strict and inflexible workout routines: Unrealistic for most patients, leading to non-adherence.
D. Avoiding follow-ups: Misses the opportunity to refine prescriptions and address barriers.
Which is a long-term benefit of consistent exercise in patients with Type 2 diabetes?
A. Reduced need for glucose monitoring.
B. Sustained improvements in HbA1c levels.
C. Elimination of cardiovascular risk.
D. Permanent reversal of diabetes symptoms.
Answer:
B. Sustained improvements in HbA1c levels.
Correct: Regular exercise helps maintain glycemic control and reduces HbA1c over time.
Incorrect:
A. Reduced need for glucose monitoring: Monitoring remains essential to avoid complications.
C. Elimination of cardiovascular risk: Exercise reduces but does not eliminate cardiovascular risk.
D. Permanent reversal of diabetes symptoms: While symptoms can improve, diabetes management requires ongoing effort.
Which population-specific adaptation is most appropriate for postpartum women with obesity?
A. High-intensity interval training to maximize fat loss.
B. Immediate return to pre-pregnancy exercise levels.
C. Gradual reintroduction to physical activity.
D. Avoidance of exercise for six months postpartum
Answer:
C. Gradual reintroduction to physical activity.
Correct: A gradual approach ensures safety and prevents injury as the body recovers postpartum.
Incorrect:
A. High-intensity interval training: Too intense for immediate postpartum recovery.
B. Immediate return to pre-pregnancy levels: Unrealistic and may risk injury or complications.
D. Avoidance of exercise: Misses benefits like improved mental health and weight management.
Which of the following statements about physical activity and sexual activity in pregnancy is TRUE?
A) Physical activity during pregnancy should include high-impact exercises to strengthen joints and muscles.
B) Specialized exercise classes tailored for pregnancy are recommended to improve safety and comfort.
C) Sexual activity should be avoided entirely during pregnancy to prevent adverse outcomes.
D) Pregnant individuals should avoid low-impact aerobic exercises such as walking and swimming
B) Specialized exercise classes tailored for pregnancy are recommended to improve safety and comfort.
Correct: These classes are designed with pregnancy-related physical changes in mind, focusing on safety, comfort, and appropriate intensity levels. They also provide an opportunity for supervised exercise routines.
A) Physical activity during pregnancy should include high-impact exercises to strengthen joints and muscles.
Incorrect: High-impact activities are discouraged during pregnancy due to the risk of joint strain and potential abdominal trauma. Low-impact activities like walking, swimming, and yoga are safer choices.
C) Sexual activity should be avoided entirely during pregnancy to prevent adverse outcomes.
Incorrect: In a healthy pregnancy, sexual activity is generally safe and not associated with adverse outcomes. However, it should be avoided in cases of preterm labor, vaginal bleeding, or other high-risk conditions.
Sex should be avoided when a patient is at risk for preterm labor because its due to the release of oxytocin during orgasm, and prostaglandins in semen, both of which can increase uterine activity.
D) Pregnant individuals should avoid low-impact aerobic exercises such as walking and swimming.
Incorrect: Low-impact aerobic exercises are encouraged during pregnancy as they are gentle on joints, help maintain cardiovascular health, and promote overall well-being.
Which of the following is a safe and recommended physical activity for pregnant women?
A) Contact sports like basketball.
B) Pregnancy yoga for flexibility and relaxation.
C) Skiing to promote cardiovascular health.
D) High-intensity interval training (HIIT).
Correct Answer: B) Pregnancy yoga for flexibility and relaxation. Pregnancy yoga is specifically mentioned as beneficial for flexibility, relaxation, and joint protection.
A) Contact sports should be avoided due to the risk of injury or trauma.
C) Skiing poses a risk of abdominal trauma and should be avoided.
D) HIIT may not be suitable for many pregnant women unless specifically tailored and supervised.
Why is physical exercise recommended during pregnancy?
A. To ensure the baby receives adequate oxygen through maternal activity.
B. To reduce the risk of complications such as gestational diabetes and preeclampsia.
C. To increase the likelihood of delivering before the due date.
D. To help the baby gain more weight during gestation.
** B. To reduce the risk of complications such as gestational diabetes and preeclampsia: Correct. Regular exercise has been shown to improve glucose metabolism, reduce blood pressure, and decrease the risk of these pregnancy complications.**
Explanation:
A. To ensure the baby receives adequate oxygen through maternal activity: Incorrect. While exercise does improve circulation, this is not the main reason it’s recommended.
C. To increase the likelihood of delivering before the due date: Incorrect. Exercise does not cause preterm labor in a healthy pregnancy.
D. To help the baby gain more weight during gestation: Incorrect. Exercise typically promotes a healthy pregnancy weight rather than excessive fetal growth.
Which of the following statements about physical activity in pregnancy is TRUE?
A. Pregnant women should avoid any activity that raises their heart rate above 100 bpm.
B. Strength training is unsafe during pregnancy.
C. Pregnant women should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week.
D. Swimming and yoga should be avoided to prevent overstretching ligaments.
C. Pregnant women should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week: Correct. This is the standard guideline for physical activity in pregnancy.
Explanation:
A. Pregnant women should avoid any activity that raises their heart rate above 100 bpm: Incorrect. Heart rate can safely increase during exercise within a moderate range.
B. Strength training is unsafe during pregnancy: Incorrect. Strength training is safe when done with proper technique and appropriate resistance.
D. Swimming and yoga should be avoided to prevent overstretching ligaments: Incorrect. Both activities are generally safe and beneficial during pregnancy.
: Which of the following is TRUE about sexual activity during a normal pregnancy?
A. It is safe unless there are specific medical contraindications.
B. It should be avoided during the first trimester to prevent miscarriage.
C. It should only occur during the second trimester when the pregnancy is stable.
D. It increases the risk of preterm labor in all pregnancies.
A. It is safe unless there are specific medical contraindications
Correct: Sexual activity is safe for most pregnancies unless there are complications like preterm labor, placenta previa, or unexplained bleeding.
B. It should be avoided during the first trimester to prevent miscarriage
Incorrect: There is no evidence linking sexual activity to miscarriage in normal pregnancies.
C. It should only occur during the second trimester when the pregnancy is stable
Incorrect: Sexual activity is safe during all trimesters unless contraindicated by a specific medical issue.
D. It increases the risk of preterm labor in all pregnancies
Incorrect: Sexual activity does not universally increase the risk of preterm labor. It may be avoided in high-risk pregnancies.
