Exercise Flashcards
How does a spirometer work?
Consists of a chamber filled with air, connected by tubes + suspended in tank of water
When gas volume changes, chamber kid moves up + down, creating spirometer trace
Chamber contains soda lime to absorb CO2 exhaled; so changes in lids position due to changes in vol of oxygen
Nose clip ensures all breathing from mouth
Define tidal volume and how this is found on a spirometer trace
Volume of air breathedin/out during normal breathing; determined by calculating average difference in volume of gas between each peak + trough
Define breathing rate & how this is found on a spirometer trace
Number of breaths taken in one minute (inhale + exhale); no of peaks in a minute
Define oxygen consumption + how rate is calcukated
Volume oxygen used up by someone in a given time; can be calculated by looking at change in volume of gas in spirometer and divide by time taken OR average slope of the graph
What is respiratory minute ventilation + how is this calculated?
Volume of air that can be breathed in/out in a minute
Calculation: tidal volume x breathing rate
Describe effect of vigorous exercise on health
Too much exercise may cause:
~ joints to become damaged due to increased wear + tear
~ may also suppress immune system (less T cells, B cells and phagocytes), making them more susceptible to disease
Differentiate between causation and correlation involved in too much exercise
Correlation only shows an association whilst causation shows one causes another; cannot conclude correlation has causal link as may be another factor e.g. psychological stress associated with intense exercise
What is keyhole surgery?
Involves small incisions made in the skin, small camera placed inside with specialised medical instruments to perform the surgery
What are advantages of keyhole surgery?
• Less invasive procedure
• Less blood loss + scarring of skin
• Less pain after surgery + quicker recovery
• Shorter hospital stay so patient can quickly return to normal activity
What is a prosthesis
Artificial version of a limb used to replace a missing or damaged body part
Describe how a prosthesis is used in damaged knee joints
Damaged cartilage and bone replaced by metal device on both long bones to create smooth surface for articukation; plastic spacer also added between metal ends to provide cushioning
Describe types of performance enhancing drugs
Anabolic steroids –> increase muscle size giving user increased strength, speed + stamina but may lead to organ damage and aggression
Stimulants –> make user more alert and able to react faster; better endurance but leads to aggression
Narcotic analgesics –> strong painkillers enabling user to maintain performance despite injury
Give arguments for use of performance enhancing drugs
- Athletes should have freedom to choose whether they want to deal with the risks of taking these drugs
- Performance-enhancing drugs may help overcome inequalities in competitive sport, since athletes have do not have access to the same opportunities to improve themselves (e.g. facilities, training equipment or coaches)
-Competing at a higher level may only be possible for some athletes if they are using performance-enhancing drugs
Give arguments against use of performance enhancing drugs in sport
-Many performance-enhancing drugs are illegal
-These drugs give athletes an unfair advantage over those who do not take them. Performance should be the result of training and hard work only
-The health risks associated with these drugs are serious, and include a variety of side effects
-There is the question of whether athletes are fully informed about the health risks involved with taking these drugs
