Exercise Flashcards
What is anaerobic exercise?
Anaerobic exercise is high intensity exercise, rapid generation of force (need energy immediately) during short periods
Doesn’t require O2 to generate ATP
What is aerobic exercise?
Aerobic exercise is low intensity, prolonged sustained exercise
The longer you exercise the more aerobic it must become
Require O2 to generate ATP
What is phosphocreatine?
Phosphocreatine is an on site fast fuel, only 20micrograms per muscle. High energy phosphate compound - bond can be hydrolysed to make ATP, phosphate transferred to ADP to make ATP, energy
Gives us energy for about 10secs
How is phosphocreatine used in exercise and recovery?
Phosphocreatine to creatine is a reversible reaction, (creatinine can be excreted out in urine if there is too much creatine produced), generates ATP as required in exercise and can burn ATP to regenerate phosphocreatine
What type of exercise is creatine good for?
Creatine not used for long term applications - good for short term, high intensity work
Correlation between how much creatine you get in your muscle and how much intensity you can stay on a bicycle
What happens once creatine is all used up?
After using up your creatine you switch to glycogen which is stored in muscle rosettes. Mobilised by glycogen phosphorylase to glucose 1-phosphate, converted to glucose 6-phosphate which can go off into glycolysis and used for fuel in anaerobic glycolysis
What is the transcelullar pathway for glycolysis in muscles?
Adrenaline binds to beta adrenergic receptors on muscle cells allowing a protein (GTP) to bind to G cell, where the GTP binds there is a conformational change which releases the protein so it can interact and convert ATP to cyclic ATP, continuous process as long as adrenaline is bound to receptor, activates kinase which activates glycogen phosphorylase to produce glucose
What is the pathway from pyruvate to lactate?
Pyruvate converted to lactate which makes substrate level phosphorylation to generate ATP
Lactate is acidic and builds up causing fatigue, acidity in muscle cell interrupts muscle contraction and slows down the key enzyme in the pathway
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
Use muscle glycogen as a source of fuel, oxygen is not required, ATP is generated by SLP, pyruvate reduced to lactate to regenerate NAD+, lots of ATP only for short period, build up of lactate causes muscle pH to drop hence fatigue
How do you maximise glycolysis in exercising muscles?
To maximise this process calcium can stimulate glycogen mobilisation which helps to stimulate contraction
Phosphofructokinase is also activated to move the pathway through glycolysis quickly and responses to AMP and Pi, get Pi from hydrolysing ATP which will increase activity
What is aerobic generation of ATP?
In aerobic generation of ATP fuel and oxygen is supplied by the blood. Instead of driving huge concentration of pyruvate to lactate this is a more steady flux which goes into the CAC and then into the ETC doing oxidative phosphorylation producing a proton gradient to generate ATP from ADP
What are some muscles adaptations to endurance training?
To make type 1 aerobic fibres you increased number of blood capillaries per muscle fibre, increase myoglobin content, increased size and number of mitochondria; increased cristal (more folds), increased capacity of mitochondria to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and increased capacity to oxidise lipid and carbohydrate
What is performance enhancing drugs?
Performance enhancing drugs include EPO doping (increasing red blood cell count which gives you more O2 hence more ATP), anabolic steroids (more muscle) and growth factors such as recombinant IGF-1 and GH (more muscle)
Will gene therapy be appropriated?
Ideas is gene therapy could be used to improve muscle content, turn off myostatin which means body continues to make muscle (not regulated)
Transcription factors - Genes necessary for mitochondria to develop - bind to DNA and up-regulate transcription of genes so you get more mitochondria - up regulates PGC-1, turns on PPAR-delta
