Exercise 11 Joints and Synovial Joint Movements

Question 1

Define synovial cavity.

Answer 1

Small space between the two articulating bones

Question 2

Define articular cartilage

Answer 2

Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of the bones in the synovial cavity.

Question 3

Define Articular Capsule

Answer 3

Structure that encloses the synovial joint and synovial cavity; has two layers: the fibrous membrane and synovial membrane

Question 4

Define Fibrous Membrane

Answer 4

outer dense fibrous connective tissue layer of the articular capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the bone; also forms ligaments when fibrous bundles are parallel.

Question 5

Define Synovial Membrane

Answer 5

Inner layer of the articular capsule; composed of areolar connective tissue containing elastic fibers and adipocytes.

Question 6

Define Synovial Fluid

Answer 6

Secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates the articular cartilages to reduce friction.

Question 7

The knee joint is classified as?

Answer 7

A hinge joint.

Question 8

Define Medial meniscus.

Answer 8

Inside of joint cavity; cushions knee joint.

Question 9

Define Lateral meniscus

Answer 9

Inside of joint cavity; cushions knee joint

Question 10

Define Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

Answer 10

Extra scapular ligament; adds strength to joint medially.

Question 11

Define Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

Answer 11

Extra scapular ligament; adds strength to joint laterally.

Question 12

Define Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Answer 12

“cruci” –> cross, ACL, intrascapular ligament; attaches the femur and tibia anteriorly.

Question 13

Define Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Answer 13

PCL, intrascapular ligament; stabilizes joint posteriorly.

Question 14

Define Patellar ligament

Answer 14

extension of tendon from quadriceps muscle; connects patella to tibial tuberosity and stabilizes the joint anteriorly.

Question 15

Define Infrapatellar fat pad

Answer 15

Cushion between patellar ligament and synovial capsule.

Question 16

Define Bursa

Answer 16

Reduces friction; 13 bursae in knee.

Question 17

What are the 4 main categories of synovial joint movements?

Answer 17

Gliding, Angular, Rotation, and Special Movements.

Question 18

Define Gliding

Answer 18

Nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other.

Question 19

Define Flexion (Angular movement)

Answer 19

Decrease in angle between bones of a joint; usually occurs on a sagittal plane

Question 20

Define Extension (Angular movement)

Answer 20

Increase in the angle between bones of a joint; restore to anatomical position.

Question 21

Define Hyperextension (Angular movement)

Answer 21

Excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position.

Question 22

Define Abduction (Angular movement)

Answer 22

Move appendage away from the midline

Question 23

Define Adduction (Angular Movement)

Answer 23

Move appendage toward the midline

Question 24

Define Circumduction (Angular movement)

Answer 24

Move a distal part of an appendage in a circle

Question 25

Define Rotation

Answer 25

Turn on a pivot with a circle.

Question 26

Define Elevation (Special Joint Movement)

Answer 26

Upward movement raising body part vertically.

Question 27

Define Depression (Special joint movement)

Answer 27

Downward movement lowering body part vertically.

Question 28

Define Protraction.

Answer 28

“pro”- in front of, “trahere”-to draw, Move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane.

Question 29

Define Retraction.

Answer 29

“Retractare”-to draw back, Move a body part backward or posterior.

Question 30

Define Supination

Answer 30

“Supine”-laying on the back, Turn palm of the hand to face forward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm upward.

Question 31

Define Pronation

Answer 31

“Pronate”-lying face downward, Turn palm of the hand to face backward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm downward.

Question 32

Define Inversion.

Answer 32

Turn the sole of the foot inward.

Question 33

Define Eversion

Answer 33

Turn the sole of the foot outward.

Question 34

Define Dorsiflexion

Answer 34

Point your toes upward; stand on your heels.

Question 35

Define Plantar Flexion

Answer 35

Point your toes downward; raise your heels.

Question 36

Define the synovial joint, Planar (gliding).

Answer 36

Flat or slightly curved plane

Movement: Gliding motion back and forth and/or side to side

Question 37

Define the synovial joint, Hinge.

Answer 37

Convex bone surface articulates with a concave bone surface.

Movement: Flexion and Extension

Question 38

Define the synovial joint, Pivot

Answer 38

Rounded or pointed projection articulates with ring formed by bone and ligament.
Movement: Rotation

Question 39

Define the synovial joint, Condyloid

Answer 39

Oval convex projection articulates with oval concave depression.
Movement: Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction

Question 40

Define the synovial joint, Saddle.

Answer 40

Saddle-shaped depression articulates with projection that fits into the saddle.
Movement: Same as condyloid joint, except more exaggerated.

Question 41

Define synovial joint, Ball and socket

Answer 41

Ball-shaped head articulates with cup-shaped socket.

Movement: Freely moveable joint; flexion and extension; abduction and adduction; circumlocution; rotation.