EXCRETORY SYSTEMS

Question 1

How many kidneys do humans have?

Answer 1

2

Question 2

The _____ is the inner portion of a kidney where filtrate exits.

Answer 2

Pelvis.

Question 3

The _____ is the outer portion of the kidney where blood enters.

Answer 3

Cortex.

Question 4

The ______ is the middle portion of the kidney.

Answer 4

Medulla.

Question 5

A ____ is a single, functional unit of a kidney.

Answer 5

Nephron.

Question 6

What are the 4 main processes that occur in a nephron?

Answer 6

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion

Question 7

Where does filtration occur at?

Answer 7

The renal corpuscle.

Question 8

The renal corpuscle consists of the _____ and ______.

Answer 8

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

Question 9

Blood enters from the afferent arteriole into the _____, which acts as a sieve.

Answer 9

Glomerulus.

Question 10

_____ from the Bowman’s capsule surround the glomerulus to form fenestrations that allow small substances to be filtered into the Bowman’s capsule.

Answer 10

Podocytes.

Question 11

What does not get filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and remains in the blood?

Answer 11

Proteins and RBCs.

*RBCs = red blood cells.

Question 12

The glomerulus exits the Bowman’s capsule via the efferent arteriole, which then goes on to form the ________ capillaries.

Answer 12

Peritubular capillaries.

Question 13

The _____ descends into the medulla of the kidney and has selective permeability.

Answer 13

Loop of Henle.

Question 14

The loop of Henle is surrounded by the ______ (capillaries running parallel to the loop of Henle).

Answer 14

Vasa recta.

Question 15

_____ is reabsorbed into the blood as filtrate travels down the descending limb.

Answer 15

Water.

Question 16

Filtrate becomes more concentrated in the ______.

Answer 16

Descending limb b/c water gets reabsorbed.

Question 17

______ are reabsorbed as filtrate travels up the ascending limb.

Answer 17

Solutes.

Question 18

Filtrate becomes less concentrated in the ______.

Answer 18

Ascending limb.

Question 19

_____ occurs at the distal convoluted tubule and the proximal convoluted tubule.

Answer 19

Secretion.

Question 20

Urine travels from the nephrons to the _____, which leads to the renal pelvis and then to the ureter.

Answer 20

Collecting duct.

Question 21

The ____ connects the kidney to the bladder.

Answer 21

Ureter.

Question 22

Where is urine stored?

Answer 22

Bladder.

Question 23

Urine is excreted from the bladder and the body via the _____.

Answer 23

Urethra.

Question 24

____ hormone stimulates calcium reabsorption in the tubules, and indirect stimulation of osteoclasts.

Answer 24

PTH hormone.

Question 25

Osteoclasts = _____ bone break down.

Answer 25

More.

Question 26

Osteoblasts = _____ bone break down.

Answer 26

Less.

Question 27

____ hormone inhibits calcium reabsorption in the tubules, and inhibits osteoclasts.

Answer 27

Calcitonin.

Question 28

Juxtaglomerular cells can detect changes in _____ and ____.

Answer 28

Blood pressure and sodium levels.

Question 29

Juxtaglomerular cells release renin when blood pressure or blood sodium levels are _____.

Answer 29

Low.

Question 30

____ is an enzyme which acts on angiotensinogen to activate it to the form of angiotensin I.

Answer 30

Renin.

Question 31

_____, another enzyme acts on angiotensin I to convert it to angiotensin II, which is the active form of the hormone.

Answer 31

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

Question 32

Angiotensin II stimulates additional aldosterone release from the _____.

Answer 32

Adrenal cortex.

Question 33

_____ increases Na+ reabsorption from the proximal tubule.

Answer 33

Angiotensin II.

Question 34

T/F: Angiotensin II increases TPR (total peripheral resistance).

Answer 34

True.

*A potent systemic vasoconstrictor.

Question 35

Angiotensin will make an individual more _____; so they ______ more and increase their blood liquid volume (increasing TPR).

Answer 35

Thirsty

Drink more.

Question 36

_____ is a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex.

Answer 36

Aldosterone.

Question 37

_____ hormone increase salt and water reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

Answer 37

Aldosterone.

Question 38

Antidiuretic hormone (aka ADH or vasopressin) is released from the _____ upon stimulation of the hypothalamus.

Answer 38

Posterior pituitary.

Question 39

____ hormone causes aquaporins to to insert into the collecting duct of a nephron and increase water absorption.

Answer 39

ADH (aka vasopressin)

Question 40

______ inhibits renin and the RAAS.

Answer 40

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

Question 41

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced by atrial cells in response to atria dissension by increased _____ and _____.

Answer 41

Blood volume and pressure.

Question 42

All of the following substances appear in the urine produced by a normally functioning kidney EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

A. Proteins
B. Sugars
C. Creatinine
D. Drugs
E. Vitamins

Answer 42

A. Proteins.

Question 43

Which of the following causes the filtrate to become less concentrated?

A. Glomerulus
B. Peritubular capillary
C. Antidiuretic hormone
D. Adrenal medulla
E. Ascending limb

Answer 43

E. Ascending limb.

Question 44

The loop of Henle is the site of reabsorption and can be divided into 2 parts, the ______ and the ______,

Answer 44

Descending limb and ascending limb.

Question 45

Which of the following causes the filtrate to become less concentrated?

A. Ascending limb
B. Bowman's capsule
C. Collecting duct
D. Loop of Henle
E. Convoluted tubules

Answer 45

E. Convoluted tubules

Question 46

An experimental intervention leads to an increase in aquaporins within the collecting duct. An increase in which of the following hormones could have caused this?

A. Aldosterone
B. Vasopressin
C. Parathyroid
D. Angiotensin
E. Renin

Answer 46

B. Vasopressin