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Biology 20/30/35 EMHS > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Fill in the blanks: The excretory System regulates ______ and ___________ of bodily fluids by removing wastes and recycling required substances

A

volume, composition

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2
Q

How does the excretory system regulate the volume and composition of bodily fluids?

A

By removing wastes and recycling required substances

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3
Q

What are wastes

A

Any substance in excess that cannot be used by the body

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4
Q

What is the term for substances in excess that can’t be used by the body

A

Wastes

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5
Q

What are the three types of wastes

A

Ions, by-products of protein and nucleic acid hydrolysis, and nitrogen-containing wastes

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6
Q

Sodium, chloride, and hydrogen are all examples of what type of waste?

A

Ions

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7
Q

What are the three main nitrogen-containing wastes

A

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid

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8
Q

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid are all examples of what type of waste

A

Nitrogen-containing wastes

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9
Q

About how big are the kidneys

A

fist-sized

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10
Q

Where are kidneys located

A

near the spine in the lower back

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11
Q

What is the role of kidneys

A

They are the site of urine production

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12
Q

What is the site of urine production

A

The kidneys

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13
Q

How long are the ureters

A

~28cm

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ are tubes that attach to each kidney that transport urine to the bladder

A

Ureters

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15
Q

Which organs are the ureters attached to

A

Kidneys, bladder

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16
Q

Which organ(s) transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

The ureters

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17
Q

How is urine moved through the ureters

A

Peristalsis

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18
Q

Which organ in the excretory system uses peristalsis to transport wastes

A

Ureters

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19
Q

What is the role of the urinary bladder

A

Temporarily store urine

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20
Q

Which organ temporarily stores urine

A

The urinary bladder

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21
Q

What is the urethra

A

The single tube through which urine exits the body

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22
Q

Through which tube does urine exit the body

A

The urethra

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23
Q

How long is the urethra in people with penises

A

~20cm

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24
Q

How long is the urethra in people with vaginas

A

~4cm

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25
Q

Which structure in the excretory system is ~20cm in biological males and ~4cm in biological females

A

The urethra

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26
Q

Which organ does the urethra merge with only in the bodies of people with penises

A

the vas deferens

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27
Q

What are the renal pelvises

A

Funnel-like structures near the mouth of each ureter

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28
Q

What are the funnel-like structures near the mouth of each ureter called

A

Renal pelvises

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29
Q

How do renal pelvises receive urine

A

via cup-like extensions from renal tissue

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30
Q

What is the renal cortex

A

The outer section of kidney

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31
Q

What is the name of the outer section of the kidney

A

The renal cortex

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32
Q

What does the renal cortex contain

A

Bowman’s capsule

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33
Q

Which structure contains the Bowman’s capsule

A

The renal cortex

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34
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

The inner section of kidneys

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35
Q

What is the name of the inner section of Kidneys

A

The renal medulla

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36
Q

Which structure contains collecting ducts

A

The renal medulla

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37
Q

What is contained in the renal medulla

A

Collecting ducts

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38
Q

What are nephrons

A

Tiny structures that filter blood and generate urine

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39
Q

What is the name of the tiny structures that filter blood and generate urine

A

Nephrons

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40
Q

What does the Bowman’s capsule encapsulate?

A

The glomerulus (capillary bed)

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41
Q

What is the glomerulus (capillary bed) encapsulated in?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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42
Q

Fill in the blank: the ____________ splits into the glomerulus

A

renal artery

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43
Q

Fill in the blank: the renal artery splits into the __________

A

Glomerulus

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44
Q

Fill in the blanks: the glomerulus is permeable to _____, ____, _______, _____ _____, and ____

A

Water, ions, glucose, amino acids, urea

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45
Q

Fill in the blanks: the glomerulus is impermeable to _______________ and ________

A

Red blood cells, proteins

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46
Q

How many sections are in the reabsorption tubule

A

Three (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule)

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47
Q

What are the three sections of the reabsorption tubule

A

Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule

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48
Q

What does the reabsorption tubule empty into

A

The collecting duct

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49
Q

Which tubule empties into the collecting duct

A

The reabsorption tubule

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50
Q

What remains in the reabsorption tubule after useful materials are emptied into the collecting duct

A

A suspension with waste solutes (urine)

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51
Q

What is reabsorbed into the body via renal veins through the collecting duct

A

Useful solutes and water

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52
Q

Solutes and water are reabsorbed into the body via which structure

A

Renal veins

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53
Q

How many processes are involved in urine formation

A

Four (glomerular filtration, tubule reabsorption, tubular secretion, water reabsorption)

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54
Q

What are the four processes involved in urine formation

A

Glomerular filtration, tubule reabsorption, tubular secretion, water reabsorption

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55
Q

Fill in the blank: Blood pressure is ____ times higher in the glomerulus than in other capillary beds within the body

A

Four

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56
Q

Fill in the blank: Blood pressure is four times higher in the __________ than in other capillary beds within the body

A

Glomerulus

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57
Q

Fill in the blanks: The __________ filters fluid out of the blood into ________________ by high blood pressure

A

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule

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58
Q

How many litres of blood pass through the kidneys each day

A

2000L

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59
Q

2000L of blood pass through which organ daily

A

The kidneys

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60
Q

Fill in the blanks: The glomerulus filters fluid out of the blood into Bowman’s capsule by ___________________

A

High blood pressure

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61
Q

Which dissolved solutes are forced out of the plasma during glomerular filtration

A

Water, salt, glucose, amino acids, H+ ions, urea, ammonia, uric acid

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62
Q

Water, salt, glucose, amino acids, H+ ions, urea, ammonia, uric acid are all examples of solutes that are forced out of the ______ during glomerular filtration

A

Plasma

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63
Q

Which materials in the blood are too large to be filtered during glomerular filtration

A

Proteins, blood cells, and platelets

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64
Q

Proteins, blood cells, and platelets are all examples of materials that are too ______ to be filtered out during glomerular filtration

A

Large

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65
Q

What is the fluid in nephrons called

A

Filtrate

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66
Q

Filtrate is the name of fluid in which structure

A

Nephrons

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67
Q

What percentage of filtrate that passes through proximal tubule is reabsorbed

A

65%

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68
Q

65% of the filtrate that passes through the _______________ is reabsorbed

A

Proximal tubule

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69
Q

65% of the filtrate that passes through the proximal tubule is __________

A

Reabsorbed

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70
Q

Reabsorption is achieved by ______ and _______ _________

A

Active, passive transport

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71
Q

Where does much of the reabsorption occur

A

The proximal tubule

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72
Q

To provide energy for glucose and sodium active transport, proximal tubule cells have many ____________

A

Mitochondria

73
Q

Why do proximal tubule cells have many mitochondria

A

To provide energy for glucose and sodium active transport

74
Q

How do anions return to the blood

A

Diffusion

75
Q

How does water return to the blood

A

Osmosis

76
Q

______ return to the blood through diffusion, and _____ returns to the blood through osmosis

A

Anions, water

77
Q

In the descending loop of Henle, filtrate and blood flow in ________ (parallel/opposite) directions

A

opposite

78
Q

In the descending loop of Henle, ________ and _____ flow in opposite directions

A

Filtrate, blood

79
Q

In the ________________________, filtrate and blood flow in opposite directions

A

Descending loop of Henle

80
Q

The descending loop of Henle is permeable to ______ and not very permeable to _______

A

Water, solutes

81
Q

The descending loop of Henle is _________ (permeable/impermeable) to water and ___________ (permeable/impermeable) to solutes

A

Permeable, impermeable

82
Q

Salinity in the nephron _________ as you go down the loop of Henle

A

Increases

83
Q

Salinity in the nephron increases as you go ____ the loop

A

Down

84
Q

Water leaves the descending loop of Henle through _______

A

Osmosis

85
Q

_____ leaves the descending loop of Henle through osmosis

A

Water

86
Q

Na+ in the nephron is _______ at the bottom of the loop

A

highest

87
Q

______ in the nephron is highest at the bottom of the loop

A

Sodium ions (Na+)

88
Q

Na+ in the nephron is highest at the ______ of the loop

A

Bottom

89
Q

Permeability of the nephron changes at the ______ of the loop of Henle

A

Bottom

90
Q

Permeability of the nephron changes at the bottom of _________________

A

The loop of Henle

91
Q

What changes at the bottom of the Loop of Henle?

A

The permeability of the nephron

92
Q

____________ of the nephron changes at the bottom of the loop of Henle

A

Permeability

93
Q

Permeability of the _______ changes at the bottom of the loop of Henle

A

Nephron

94
Q

How does permeability at the bottom of the loop of Henle change

A

Becomes impermeable to water and permeable to ions

95
Q

Sodium moves from nephron into blood mainly by ________________

A

Active transport

96
Q

Chloride follows Sodium by _________________

A

Passive transport

97
Q

True or false: Both chloride and sodium ions move from the nephron to the blood through active transport

A

False

98
Q

Where does sodium reabsorption occur

A

Ascending loop of Henle

99
Q

What happens in the ascending loop of Henle

A

Sodium reabsorption

100
Q

Where does water reabsorption occur

A

Descending loop of Henle

101
Q

What happens in the descending loop of Henle

A

Water reabsorption

102
Q

The process of sodium reabsorption _________ salinity of the medulla and _________ concentration of filtrate

A

increases, decreases

103
Q

The process of sodium reabsorption increases ________ of the _______ and decreases _____________ of ________

A

salinity, medulla, concentration, filtrate

104
Q

After passing through the loop of Henle, how much water and filtrate has been reabsorbed?

A

2/3 or 66%

105
Q

After passing through the loop of Henle, 2/3 of _____ and ________ have been reabsorbed

A

water, filtrate

106
Q

Which two processes occur in the distal tubule

A

Secretion and reabsorption

107
Q

Where do tubular secretion and water reabsorption both occur

A

The distal tubule

108
Q

What is actively transported from the blood to the nephron during tubular secretion

A

Uric acid, ammonia, urea, and some drugs (penecillin)

109
Q

What are uric acid, ammonia, urea, and some drugs (penecillin) examples of

A

Materials that are actively transported from the blood to the nephron during tubular secretion

110
Q

How is the pH balance of blood adjusted

A

The secretion of H+ ions

111
Q

Why are H+ ions secreted by the distal tubule

A

To adjust the pH of blood

112
Q

Most _________ occurs in the distal tubule, some in the proximal tubule

A

Secretion

113
Q

Most secretion occurs in the _____________, some in the _______________

A

Distal tubule, proximal tubule

114
Q

What does the reabsorption of Na+ from filtrate into capillaries depend on

A

The body’s needs

115
Q

________ ions are passively transported

A

Negative

116
Q

Negative ions are _________ transported

A

Passively

117
Q

_________ and ________ are actively secreted into the tubule to maintain blood pH

A

K+ (potassium), and H+ (hydrogen)

118
Q

K+ and H+ are ________ secreted into the tubule to maintain blood pH

A

actively

119
Q

K+ and H+ are actively secreted into the tubule to _________________

A

Maintain blood pH

120
Q

_____ and ___________ are secreted into the distal tubule

A

Drugs and metabolites

121
Q

Drugs and metabolites are secreted into the _____________

A

Distal tubule

122
Q

Filtrate entering the collecting duct still contains a lot of _____ by the end of distal tubule reabsorption

A

Water

123
Q

Filtrate entering the _______________ still contains a lot of water by the end of distal tubule reabsorption

A

Collecting duct

124
Q

Filtrate entering the collecting duct still contains a lot of water by the end of __________________________

A

Distal tubule reabsorption

125
Q

The _______________ passes through the salty medulla, which leads to passive reabsorption via osmosis

A

Collecting duct

126
Q

The collecting duct passes through the _____________, which leads to passive reabsorption via osmosis

A

Salty medulla

127
Q

The collecting duct passes through the salty medulla, which leads to passive reabsorption via _______

A

Osmosis

128
Q

What does reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lead to the creation of

A

Urine

129
Q

What does urine contain

A

Water, urea, and other wastes

130
Q

After the formation of urine, were does it go

A

To the renal pelvis

131
Q

What material goes into the renal pelvis

A

Urine

132
Q

Where does urine in the renal pelvis go

A

To the bladder through ureters

133
Q

Where does urine in the bladder come from

A

The renal pelvis(es)

134
Q

How does urine exit the bladder

A

Through the urethra

135
Q

Where does urine exiting through the urethra come from

A

The bladder

136
Q

Which hormone regulates the reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

137
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulate

A

The reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct

138
Q

How does ADH regulate the reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct

A

Making tubules and ducts more permeable to water so more water is retained by the body

139
Q

What can stimulate the release of ADH

A

Dehydration

140
Q

Which hormone can be released due to dehydration

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which increases the amount of water reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct

141
Q

What can cause ADH to be inhibited

A

Dilute blood

142
Q

How can dilute blood affect the release of hormones

A

Inhibits ADH, reducing water reabsorbed

143
Q

What is the abbreviation for antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH

144
Q

What does ADH stand for

A

Antidiuretic hormone

145
Q

What is the name of the structure in the brain that contains osmoreceptor cells

A

Hypothalamus

146
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

A structure in the brain that contains osmoreceptor cells

147
Q

What do osmoreceptors do

A

Monitor osmotic pressure

148
Q

Which cells monitor osmotic pressure

A

Osmoreceptors

149
Q

Which gland releases ADH

A

The pituitary gland (in the brain)

150
Q

Which hormone related to the excretory system is released by the pituitary gland

A

ADH

151
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus

A

ADH is too low, causing the person to urinate 4L-8L per day and become severely dehydrated

152
Q

what is it called when ADH is too low, causing the person to urinate 4L-8L per day and become severely dehydrated

A

Diabetes Insipidus

153
Q

How can alcohol be detrimental to the excretory system

A

Acts as a diuretic, increasing volume of urine and decreasing ADH activity, which leads to dehydration

154
Q

Which common substance acts as a diuretic, increasing volume of urine and decreasing ADH activity, which leads to dehydration

A

Alcohol (ethanol)

155
Q

What does the hormone aldosterone do

A

Stimulates the collecting duct and distal tubule to reabsorb NA+ and K+ when blood concentration of those ions are too low. It is followed by chloride ions and water passively diffusing

156
Q

Which hormone stimulates the collecting duct and distal tubule to reabsorb NA+ and K+ when blood concentration of those ions are too low

A

Aldosterone

157
Q

What is the ideal blood pH

A

7.4

158
Q

How many mechanisms maintain blood pH

A

Three (acid-base buffer, changes in breathing rate, and secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions)

159
Q

What are the three mechanisms that maintain blood pH

A

Acid-base buffer, changes in breathing rate, and secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions

160
Q

Acid-base buffer, changes in breathing rate, and secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions are all mechanisms that serve what purpose

A

Maintaining blood pH

161
Q

What is the acid-base buffer

A

Adding H+ ions to bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid

162
Q

What is the name of the process of adding H+ ions to bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid

A

Acid-base buffer

163
Q

How do changes in breathing rate change blood pH

A

Increased respiration generates CO2, lowering blood pH

164
Q

Which process generates CO2, lowering blood pH

A

Changes in breathing rate

165
Q

What is the secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions

A

When blood is too acidic, H+ is excreted in urine and HCO3 is reabsorbed by kidneys

166
Q

what is the name of the process where H+ is excreted in urine and HCO3 is reabsorbed by kidneys

A

Secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions

167
Q

What is renal insufficiency

A

When kidneys are unable to maintain homeostasis

168
Q

What is it called when kidneys are unable to maintain homeostasis

A

Renal insufficiency

169
Q

What are some causes of problems with kidney function

A

Kidney infection, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, trauma, heavy metal poisoning (mercury Hg, lead Pb, etc.) Atherosclerosis, and blockage of the tubules

170
Q

What are kidney infection, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, trauma, heavy metal poisoning (mercury Hg, lead Pb, etc.) Atherosclerosis, and blockage of the tubules all examples of

A

Causes of problems with kidney function

171
Q

What are the three disorders of the excretory system discussed in class

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, and renal insufficiency

172
Q

Urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, and renal insufficiency are all examples of what

A

Disorders of the excretory system

173
Q

What are the four treatments that can be used to treat disorders of the excretory system

A

Dialysis, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplants

174
Q

What is dialysis

A

Diffusion of dissolved substances through a semi-permeable membrane, moving back and forth from blood to dialysate via concentration gradients

175
Q

What is the name of the treatment where dissolved substances diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane, moving back and forth from blood to dialysate via concentration gradients

A

Dialysis

176
Q

What is hemodialysis

A

An external artificial membrane is connected to veins and arteries in the patient’s arms

177
Q

What is it called when an external artificial membrane is connected to veins and arteries in the patient’s arms

A

Hemodialysis

178
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysis via the peritoneum of intestine lining

179
Q

What is it called when dialysis is performed specifically via the peritoneum of intestine lining

A

Peritoneal dialysis

Biology 20/30/35 EMHS (2 decks)

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