Excretory System Flashcards
1
Q
Fill in the blanks: The excretory System regulates ______ and ___________ of bodily fluids by removing wastes and recycling required substances
A
volume, composition
2
Q
How does the excretory system regulate the volume and composition of bodily fluids?
A
By removing wastes and recycling required substances
3
Q
What are wastes
A
Any substance in excess that cannot be used by the body
4
Q
What is the term for substances in excess that can’t be used by the body
A
Wastes
5
Q
What are the three types of wastes
A
Ions, by-products of protein and nucleic acid hydrolysis, and nitrogen-containing wastes
6
Q
Sodium, chloride, and hydrogen are all examples of what type of waste?
A
Ions
7
Q
What are the three main nitrogen-containing wastes
A
Ammonia, urea, and uric acid
8
Q
Ammonia, urea, and uric acid are all examples of what type of waste
A
Nitrogen-containing wastes
9
Q
About how big are the kidneys
A
fist-sized
10
Q
Where are kidneys located
A
near the spine in the lower back
11
Q
What is the role of kidneys
A
They are the site of urine production
12
Q
What is the site of urine production
A
The kidneys
13
Q
How long are the ureters
A
~28cm
14
Q
Fill in the blank: _______ are tubes that attach to each kidney that transport urine to the bladder
A
Ureters
15
Q
Which organs are the ureters attached to
A
Kidneys, bladder
16
Q
Which organ(s) transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
A
The ureters
17
Q
How is urine moved through the ureters
A
Peristalsis
18
Q
Which organ in the excretory system uses peristalsis to transport wastes
A
Ureters
19
Q
What is the role of the urinary bladder
A
Temporarily store urine
20
Q
Which organ temporarily stores urine
A
The urinary bladder
21
Q
What is the urethra
A
The single tube through which urine exits the body
22
Q
Through which tube does urine exit the body
A
The urethra
23
Q
How long is the urethra in people with penises
A
~20cm
24
Q
How long is the urethra in people with vaginas
A
~4cm
25
Which structure in the excretory system is ~20cm in biological males and ~4cm in biological females
The urethra
26
Which organ does the urethra merge with only in the bodies of people with penises
the vas deferens
27
What are the renal pelvises
Funnel-like structures near the mouth of each ureter
28
What are the funnel-like structures near the mouth of each ureter called
Renal pelvises
29
How do renal pelvises receive urine
via cup-like extensions from renal tissue
30
What is the renal cortex
The outer section of kidney
31
What is the name of the outer section of the kidney
The renal cortex
32
What does the renal cortex contain
Bowman's capsule
33
Which structure contains the Bowman's capsule
The renal cortex
34
What is the renal medulla
The inner section of kidneys
35
What is the name of the inner section of Kidneys
The renal medulla
36
Which structure contains collecting ducts
The renal medulla
37
What is contained in the renal medulla
Collecting ducts
38
What are nephrons
Tiny structures that filter blood and generate urine
39
What is the name of the tiny structures that filter blood and generate urine
Nephrons
40
What does the Bowman's capsule encapsulate?
The glomerulus (capillary bed)
41
What is the glomerulus (capillary bed) encapsulated in?
Bowman's capsule
42
Fill in the blank: the ____________ splits into the glomerulus
renal artery
43
Fill in the blank: the renal artery splits into the __________
Glomerulus
44
Fill in the blanks: the glomerulus is **permeable** to _____, ____, _______, _____ _____, and ____
Water, ions, glucose, amino acids, urea
45
Fill in the blanks: the glomerulus is **impermeable** to _______________ and ________
Red blood cells, proteins
46
How many sections are in the reabsorption tubule
Three (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule)
47
What are the three sections of the reabsorption tubule
Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule
48
What does the reabsorption tubule empty into
The collecting duct
49
Which tubule empties into the collecting duct
The reabsorption tubule
50
What remains in the reabsorption tubule after useful materials are emptied into the collecting duct
A suspension with waste solutes (urine)
51
What is reabsorbed into the body via renal veins through the collecting duct
Useful solutes and water
52
Solutes and water are reabsorbed into the body via which structure
Renal veins
53
How many processes are involved in urine formation
Four (glomerular filtration, tubule reabsorption, tubular secretion, water reabsorption)
54
What are the four processes involved in urine formation
Glomerular filtration, tubule reabsorption, tubular secretion, water reabsorption
55
Fill in the blank: Blood pressure is ____ times higher in the glomerulus than in other capillary beds within the body
Four
56
Fill in the blank: Blood pressure is four times higher in the __________ than in other capillary beds within the body
Glomerulus
57
Fill in the blanks: The __________ filters fluid out of the blood into ________________ by high blood pressure
Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule
58
How many litres of blood pass through the kidneys each day
2000L
59
2000L of blood pass through which organ daily
The kidneys
60
Fill in the blanks: The glomerulus filters fluid out of the blood into Bowman's capsule by ___________________
High blood pressure
61
Which dissolved solutes are forced out of the plasma during glomerular filtration
Water, salt, glucose, amino acids, H+ ions, urea, ammonia, uric acid
62
Water, salt, glucose, amino acids, H+ ions, urea, ammonia, uric acid are all examples of solutes that are forced out of the ______ during glomerular filtration
Plasma
63
Which materials in the blood are too large to be filtered during glomerular filtration
Proteins, blood cells, and platelets
64
Proteins, blood cells, and platelets are all examples of materials that are too ______ to be filtered out during glomerular filtration
Large
65
What is the fluid in nephrons called
Filtrate
66
Filtrate is the name of fluid in which structure
Nephrons
67
What percentage of filtrate that passes through proximal tubule is reabsorbed
65%
68
65% of the filtrate that passes through the _______________ is reabsorbed
Proximal tubule
69
65% of the filtrate that passes through the proximal tubule is __________
Reabsorbed
70
Reabsorption is achieved by ______ and _______ _________
Active, passive transport
71
Where does much of the reabsorption occur
The proximal tubule
72
To provide energy for glucose and sodium active transport, proximal tubule cells have many ____________
Mitochondria
73
Why do proximal tubule cells have many mitochondria
To provide energy for glucose and sodium active transport
74
How do anions return to the blood
Diffusion
75
How does water return to the blood
Osmosis
76
______ return to the blood through diffusion, and _____ returns to the blood through osmosis
Anions, water
77
In the descending loop of Henle, filtrate and blood flow in ________ (parallel/opposite) directions
opposite
78
In the descending loop of Henle, ________ and _____ flow in opposite directions
Filtrate, blood
79
In the ________________________, filtrate and blood flow in opposite directions
Descending loop of Henle
80
The descending loop of Henle is permeable to ______ and not very permeable to _______
Water, solutes
81
The descending loop of Henle is _________ (permeable/impermeable) to water and ___________ (permeable/impermeable) to solutes
Permeable, impermeable
82
Salinity in the nephron _________ as you go down the loop of Henle
Increases
83
Salinity in the nephron increases as you go ____ the loop
Down
84
Water leaves the descending loop of Henle through _______
Osmosis
85
_____ leaves the descending loop of Henle through osmosis
Water
86
Na+ in the nephron is _______ at the bottom of the loop
highest
87
______ in the nephron is highest at the bottom of the loop
Sodium ions (Na+)
88
Na+ in the nephron is highest at the ______ of the loop
Bottom
89
Permeability of the nephron changes at the ______ of the loop of Henle
Bottom
90
Permeability of the nephron changes at the bottom of _________________
The loop of Henle
91
What changes at the bottom of the Loop of Henle?
The permeability of the nephron
92
____________ of the nephron changes at the bottom of the loop of Henle
Permeability
93
Permeability of the _______ changes at the bottom of the loop of Henle
Nephron
94
How does permeability at the bottom of the loop of Henle change
Becomes impermeable to water and permeable to ions
95
Sodium moves from nephron into blood **mainly** by ________________
Active transport
96
Chloride follows Sodium by _________________
Passive transport
97
True or false: Both chloride and sodium ions move from the nephron to the blood through active transport
False
98
Where does sodium reabsorption occur
Ascending loop of Henle
99
What happens in the ascending loop of Henle
Sodium reabsorption
100
Where does water reabsorption occur
Descending loop of Henle
101
What happens in the descending loop of Henle
Water reabsorption
102
The process of sodium reabsorption _________ salinity of the medulla and _________ concentration of filtrate
increases, decreases
103
The process of sodium reabsorption increases ________ of the _______ and decreases _____________ of ________
salinity, medulla, concentration, filtrate
104
After passing through the loop of Henle, how much water and filtrate has been reabsorbed?
2/3 or 66%
105
After passing through the loop of Henle, 2/3 of _____ and ________ have been reabsorbed
water, filtrate
106
Which two processes occur in the distal tubule
Secretion and reabsorption
107
Where do tubular secretion and water reabsorption both occur
The distal tubule
108
What is actively transported from the blood to the nephron during tubular secretion
Uric acid, ammonia, urea, and some drugs (penecillin)
109
What are uric acid, ammonia, urea, and some drugs (penecillin) examples of
Materials that are actively transported from the blood to the nephron during tubular secretion
110
How is the pH balance of blood adjusted
The secretion of H+ ions
111
Why are H+ ions secreted by the distal tubule
To adjust the pH of blood
112
Most _________ occurs in the distal tubule, some in the proximal tubule
Secretion
113
Most secretion occurs in the _____________, some in the _______________
Distal tubule, proximal tubule
114
What does the reabsorption of Na+ from filtrate into capillaries depend on
The body's needs
115
________ ions are passively transported
Negative
116
Negative ions are _________ transported
Passively
117
_________ and ________ are actively secreted into the tubule to maintain blood pH
K+ (potassium), and H+ (hydrogen)
118
K+ and H+ are ________ secreted into the tubule to maintain blood pH
actively
119
K+ and H+ are actively secreted into the tubule to _________________
Maintain blood pH
120
_____ and ___________ are secreted into the distal tubule
Drugs and metabolites
121
Drugs and metabolites are secreted into the _____________
Distal tubule
122
Filtrate entering the collecting duct still contains a lot of _____ by the end of distal tubule reabsorption
Water
123
Filtrate entering the _______________ still contains a lot of water by the end of distal tubule reabsorption
Collecting duct
124
Filtrate entering the collecting duct still contains a lot of water by the end of __________________________
Distal tubule reabsorption
125
The _______________ passes through the salty medulla, which leads to passive reabsorption via osmosis
Collecting duct
126
The collecting duct passes through the _____________, which leads to passive reabsorption via osmosis
Salty medulla
127
The collecting duct passes through the salty medulla, which leads to passive reabsorption via _______
Osmosis
128
What does reabsorption of water from the collecting duct lead to the creation of
Urine
129
What does urine contain
Water, urea, and other wastes
130
After the formation of urine, were does it go
To the renal pelvis
131
What material goes into the renal pelvis
Urine
132
Where does urine in the renal pelvis go
To the bladder through ureters
133
Where does urine in the bladder come from
The renal pelvis(es)
134
How does urine exit the bladder
Through the urethra
135
Where does urine exiting through the urethra come from
The bladder
136
Which hormone regulates the reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
137
What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulate
The reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct
138
How does ADH regulate the reabsorption of water in the distal tubule and collecting duct
Making tubules and ducts more permeable to water so more water is retained by the body
139
What can stimulate the release of ADH
Dehydration
140
Which hormone can be released due to dehydration
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which increases the amount of water reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct
141
What can cause ADH to be inhibited
Dilute blood
142
How can dilute blood affect the release of hormones
Inhibits ADH, reducing water reabsorbed
143
What is the abbreviation for antidiuretic hormone
ADH
144
What does ADH stand for
Antidiuretic hormone
145
What is the name of the structure in the brain that contains osmoreceptor cells
Hypothalamus
146
What is the hypothalamus
A structure in the brain that contains osmoreceptor cells
147
What do osmoreceptors do
Monitor osmotic pressure
148
Which cells monitor osmotic pressure
Osmoreceptors
149
Which gland releases ADH
The pituitary gland (in the brain)
150
Which hormone related to the excretory system is released by the pituitary gland
ADH
151
What is Diabetes Insipidus
ADH is too low, causing the person to urinate 4L-8L per day and become severely dehydrated
152
what is it called when ADH is too low, causing the person to urinate 4L-8L per day and become severely dehydrated
Diabetes Insipidus
153
How can alcohol be detrimental to the excretory system
Acts as a diuretic, increasing volume of urine and decreasing ADH activity, which leads to dehydration
154
Which common substance acts as a diuretic, increasing volume of urine and decreasing ADH activity, which leads to dehydration
Alcohol (ethanol)
155
What does the hormone aldosterone do
Stimulates the collecting duct and distal tubule to reabsorb NA+ and K+ when blood concentration of those ions are too low. It is followed by chloride ions and water passively diffusing
156
Which hormone stimulates the collecting duct and distal tubule to reabsorb NA+ and K+ when blood concentration of those ions are too low
Aldosterone
157
What is the ideal blood pH
7.4
158
How many mechanisms maintain blood pH
Three (acid-base buffer, changes in breathing rate, and secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions)
159
What are the three mechanisms that maintain blood pH
Acid-base buffer, changes in breathing rate, and secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions
160
Acid-base buffer, changes in breathing rate, and secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions are all mechanisms that serve what purpose
Maintaining blood pH
161
What is the acid-base buffer
Adding H+ ions to bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid
162
What is the name of the process of adding H+ ions to bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid
Acid-base buffer
163
How do changes in breathing rate change blood pH
Increased respiration generates CO2, lowering blood pH
164
Which process generates CO2, lowering blood pH
Changes in breathing rate
165
What is the secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions
When blood is too acidic, H+ is excreted in urine and HCO3 is reabsorbed by kidneys
166
what is the name of the process where H+ is excreted in urine and HCO3 is reabsorbed by kidneys
Secretion/reabsorption of H+ ions
167
What is renal insufficiency
When kidneys are unable to maintain homeostasis
168
What is it called when kidneys are unable to maintain homeostasis
Renal insufficiency
169
What are some causes of problems with kidney function
Kidney infection, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, trauma, heavy metal poisoning (mercury Hg, lead Pb, etc.) Atherosclerosis, and blockage of the tubules
170
What are kidney infection, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, trauma, heavy metal poisoning (mercury Hg, lead Pb, etc.) Atherosclerosis, and blockage of the tubules all examples of
Causes of problems with kidney function
171
What are the three disorders of the excretory system discussed in class
Urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, and renal insufficiency
172
Urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, and renal insufficiency are all examples of what
Disorders of the excretory system
173
What are the four treatments that can be used to treat disorders of the excretory system
Dialysis, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplants
174
What is dialysis
Diffusion of dissolved substances through a semi-permeable membrane, moving back and forth from blood to dialysate via concentration gradients
175
What is the name of the treatment where dissolved substances diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane, moving back and forth from blood to dialysate via concentration gradients
Dialysis
176
What is hemodialysis
An external artificial membrane is connected to veins and arteries in the patient's arms
177
What is it called when an external artificial membrane is connected to veins and arteries in the patient's arms
Hemodialysis
178
What is peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis via the peritoneum of intestine lining
179
What is it called when dialysis is performed specifically via the peritoneum of intestine lining
Peritoneal dialysis
