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Biology 20/30/35 EMHS > Digestive System (Incomplete) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Incomplete) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Ingestion?

A

Taking nutrients into the body

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2
Q

What is the process of taking nutrients into the body?

A

Ingestion

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3
Q

Define digestion

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller subunits

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4
Q

What is the physical and chemical breakdown of food into their smaller subunits?

A

Digestion

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5
Q

What is absorption

A

Absorbing nutrients into the blood stream

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6
Q

What is it called when nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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7
Q

What is egestion

A

Removing undigested food waste from the body

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8
Q

What is it called when undigested food waste is removed from the body

A

Egestion

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9
Q

What is the order of digestive processes?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Egestion
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10
Q

What 2 basic processes are involved in the digestive system

A

Physical digestion and chemical digestion

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11
Q

How many basic processes are involved in digestion

A

Two; physical and chemical digestion

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12
Q

What is physical digestion

A

Any physical means by which the surface area of food is increased

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13
Q

What is defined as any physical means by which the surface area of food is increased

A

Physical Digestion

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14
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Using chemicals and enzymes to break chemical bonds in foods

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15
Q

What is defined as using chemicals and enzymes to break chemical bonds in foods

A

Chemical digestion

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16
Q

What are the three structures in the mouth

A

Salivary glands, teeth, and tongue

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17
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands

A

Produces saliva

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18
Q

Which enzyme is excreted from salivary glands

A

Amylase

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19
Q

What does amylase do

A

Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides

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20
Q

What is the secondary function of saliva

A

Lubricates food for swallowing

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21
Q

What is the function of the teeth

A

Grinds food into smaller pieces

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22
Q

What are the three functions of the tongue

A

Roll food into bolus for swallowing, help force food into the pharynx, and perceive taste

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23
Q

What is the epiglottis and what is its function

A

A cartilaginous flap of tissue that blocks the trachea while swallowing

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24
Q

What is the cartilaginous flap of tissue that blocks the trachea while swallowing called

A

The epiglottis

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25
Q

What is the esophagus and what is its function

A

A long muscular tube that transports bolus (food) from the mouth to the stomach

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26
Q

What do you call the long muscular tube that transports bolus (food) from the mouth to the stomach

A

The esophagus

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27
Q

What are the steps of swallowing

A
  1. The tongue forces food down the pharynx
  2. The epiglottis covers the trachea and food enters the esophagus
  3. Peristalsis moves the food into the stomach
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28
Q

What is peristalsis

A

A rhythmic and wave-like contraction of muscles that move food through the gastrointestinal tract

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29
Q

What do you call the rhythmic and wave-like contraction of muscles that move food through the gastrointestinal tract

A

Peristalsis

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30
Q

What is the stomach

A

A large muscular structure that stores and churns food

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31
Q

What is the initial site of protein digestion

A

The stomach

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: the stomach is the initial site of _______ digestion

A

Protein

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33
Q

The stomach is flanked by the ________________ and _______ sphincters

A

Lower esophageal, pyloric

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34
Q

Which organ is flanked by the lower esophageal and pyloric sphincters?

A

The stomach

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35
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter

A

Prevent acid from regurgitating

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36
Q

Which structure prevents acid from regurgitating

A

The lower esophageal sphincter

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37
Q

What is heartburn

A

The burning pain felt when stomach acid enters the esophagus

38
Q

What is the burning pain felt when stomach acid enters the esophagus

A

Heartburn

39
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter

A

Regulates movement of food and stomach acid into the esophagus (vomiting)

40
Q

Which structure regulates movement of food and stomach acid into the esophagus (vomiting)

A

Pyloric sphincter

41
Q

What is the stomach able to absorb

A

Water, vitamins, medicines, and alcohol

42
Q

What do the cells lining the stomach secrete

A

Gastric juice

43
Q

Which structure(s) secrete gastric juice

A

The cells lining the stomach

44
Q

What does gastric juice contain

A

Hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucous

45
Q

What does HCl do

A

Kill bacteria in the food

46
Q

Which acid kills bacteria in food

A

Hydrochloric acid

47
Q

What do enzymes in the stomach do

A

Initiate protein breakdown

48
Q

What purpose does mucus serve in the stomach

A

Contains NaOH, which protects the stomach walls from the acid

49
Q

Fill in the blank: ______ in the stomach contains NaOH, which protects the stomach walls from the acid

A

Mucous

50
Q

Which enzyme is released from the stomach

A

Pepsinogen

51
Q

What is the active form of pepsinogen

A

Pepsin

52
Q

What is the inactive form of pepsin

A

Pepsinogen

53
Q

Why is pepsin stored as pepsinogen (inactivate form) in cells

A

To protect cells from being digested

54
Q

Fill in the blank: In the presence of ________________, pepsinogen is converted to pepsin

A

HCl

55
Q

Fill in the blank: In the presence of HCl, __________ is converted to pepsin

A

Pepsinogen

56
Q

Fill in the blank: In the presence of HCl, pepsinogen is converted to ______

A

Pepsin

57
Q

What is the longest portion of the digestive tract

A

Small intestine

58
Q

What are the three major sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

59
Q

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum are sections of which structure?

A

Small intestine

60
Q

The duodenum is the _____ (first/second/third) section of the small intestine

A

First

61
Q

The Jejunum is the ______ (first/second/third) section of the small intestine

A

Second

62
Q

The Ileum is the _____ (first/second/third) section of the small intestine

A

Third

63
Q

How long is the Duodenum

A

1 foot or 30cm

64
Q

Which section of the small intestine is the site of most digestion?

A

Duodenum

65
Q

How long is the Jejunum

A

2.5m

66
Q

How long is the Ileum

A

2-4m

67
Q

Fill in the blank: The small intestine is lined with finger-like projections called _____

A

Villi

68
Q

What are villi

A

Finger-like projections that line the interior of the small intestine

69
Q

Fill in the blank: each villus has __________

A

Microvilli

70
Q

What are the two functions of villi

A
  1. The site of most macromolecule breakdown
  2. The site of various sub-unit absorption
71
Q

Macromolecule breakdown at the villi is an example of ________ digestion

A

Chemical

72
Q

Where does most macromolecule breakdown occur

A

At the villi in the small intestine

73
Q

Which sub-units are absorbed by villi

A

Monosaccharides, amino acids, lipids

74
Q

Fill in the blanks: each villus contains a _________ _______ and a ______ (_____ ______)

A

Capillary network, lacteal, lymph vessel

75
Q

Monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through _________________ in each villus

A

Capillary network

76
Q

_______________ and _____ _____ are absorbed into the bloodstream through capillary networks in each villus

A

Monosaccharides, amino acids

77
Q

Lipids are absorbed by the _______ in each villus and transported to the circulatory system

A

Lacteal

78
Q

______ are absorbed by the lacteal in each villus and transported to the circulatory system

A

Lipids

79
Q

What is chyme

A

The watery mixture of food and secretions that moves through the digestive tract

80
Q

The watery mixture of food and secretions that moves through the digestive tract is called

A

Chyme

81
Q

Which process(es) is/are complete by the time chyme reaches the large intestine

A

Macromolecule chemical digestion + absorption

82
Q

The chemical digestion and macromolecule absorption are complete when chyme reaches the _______________

A

Large intestine

83
Q

The large intestine is _______ (longer/shorter) and _____ (wider/narrower) than the small intestine

A

Shorter, wider

84
Q

Which organ houses symbiotic bacteria that feed on waste products of the digestive system?

A

Large intestine

85
Q

Which organisms that feed on waste products from the digestive system are stored in the large intestine

A

Symbiotic bacteria

86
Q

What do the symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine do

A

Release vitamins B & K from fecal matter

87
Q

What releases vitamins B & K from fecal matter

A

Symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine

88
Q

What is the large intestine responsible for

A

Absorbing water, salt, vitamins, and minerals

89
Q

Which structure is responsible for absorbing water, salt, vitamins, and minerals

A

Large intestine

90
Q

Where are feces stored before a bowel movement

A

Rectum

91
Q

Where are feces expelled

A

The anal sphincter

Biology 20/30/35 EMHS (2 decks)

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