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Biology 20/30/35 EMHS > Digestive System (Incomplete) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Incomplete) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Ingestion?

A

Taking nutrients into the body

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2
Q

What is the process of taking nutrients into the body?

A

Ingestion

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3
Q

Define digestion

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller subunits

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4
Q

What is the physical and chemical breakdown of food into their smaller subunits?

A

Digestion

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5
Q

What is absorption

A

Absorbing nutrients into the blood stream

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6
Q

What is it called when nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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7
Q

What is egestion

A

Removing undigested food waste from the body

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8
Q

What is it called when undigested food waste is removed from the body

A

Egestion

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9
Q

What is the order of digestive processes?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Egestion
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10
Q

What 2 basic processes are involved in the digestive system

A

Physical digestion and chemical digestion

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11
Q

How many basic processes are involved in digestion

A

Two; physical and chemical digestion

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12
Q

What is physical digestion

A

Any physical means by which the surface area of food is increased

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13
Q

What is defined as any physical means by which the surface area of food is increased

A

Physical Digestion

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14
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Using chemicals and enzymes to break chemical bonds in foods

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15
Q

What is defined as using chemicals and enzymes to break chemical bonds in foods

A

Chemical digestion

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16
Q

What are the three structures in the mouth

A

Salivary glands, teeth, and tongue

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17
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands

A

Produces saliva

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18
Q

Which enzyme is excreted from salivary glands

A

Amylase

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19
Q

What does amylase do

A

Breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides

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20
Q

What is the secondary function of saliva

A

Lubricates food for swallowing

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21
Q

What is the function of the teeth

A

Grinds food into smaller pieces

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22
Q

What are the three functions of the tongue

A

Roll food into bolus for swallowing, help force food into the pharynx, and perceive taste

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23
Q

What is the epiglottis and what is its function

A

A cartilaginous flap of tissue that blocks the trachea while swallowing

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24
Q

What is the cartilaginous flap of tissue that blocks the trachea while swallowing called

A

The epiglottis

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25
What is the esophagus and what is its function
A long muscular tube that transports bolus (food) from the mouth to the stomach
26
What do you call the long muscular tube that transports bolus (food) from the mouth to the stomach
The esophagus
27
What are the steps of swallowing
1. The tongue forces food down the pharynx 2. The epiglottis covers the trachea and food enters the esophagus 3. Peristalsis moves the food into the stomach
28
What is peristalsis
A rhythmic and wave-like contraction of muscles that move food through the gastrointestinal tract
29
What do you call the rhythmic and wave-like contraction of muscles that move food through the gastrointestinal tract
Peristalsis
30
What is the stomach
A large muscular structure that stores and churns food
31
What is the initial site of protein digestion
The stomach
32
Fill in the blank: the stomach is the initial site of _______ digestion
Protein
33
The stomach is flanked by the ________________ and _______ sphincters
Lower esophageal, pyloric
34
Which organ is flanked by the lower esophageal and pyloric sphincters?
The stomach
35
What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter
Prevent acid from regurgitating
36
Which structure prevents acid from regurgitating
The lower esophageal sphincter
37
What is heartburn
The burning pain felt when stomach acid enters the esophagus
38
What is the burning pain felt when stomach acid enters the esophagus
Heartburn
39
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter
Regulates movement of food and stomach acid into the esophagus (vomiting)
40
Which structure regulates movement of food and stomach acid into the esophagus (vomiting)
Pyloric sphincter
41
What is the stomach able to absorb
Water, vitamins, medicines, and alcohol
42
What do the cells lining the stomach secrete
Gastric juice
43
Which structure(s) secrete gastric juice
The cells lining the stomach
44
What does gastric juice contain
Hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucous
45
What does HCl do
Kill bacteria in the food
46
Which acid kills bacteria in food
Hydrochloric acid
47
What do enzymes in the stomach do
Initiate protein breakdown
48
What purpose does mucus serve in the stomach
Contains NaOH, which protects the stomach walls from the acid
49
Fill in the blank: ______ in the stomach contains NaOH, which protects the stomach walls from the acid
Mucous
50
Which enzyme is released from the stomach
Pepsinogen
51
What is the active form of pepsinogen
Pepsin
52
What is the inactive form of pepsin
Pepsinogen
53
Why is pepsin stored as pepsinogen (inactivate form) in cells
To protect cells from being digested
54
Fill in the blank: In the presence of ________________, pepsinogen is converted to pepsin
HCl
55
Fill in the blank: In the presence of HCl, __________ is converted to pepsin
Pepsinogen
56
Fill in the blank: In the presence of HCl, pepsinogen is converted to ______
Pepsin
57
What is the longest portion of the digestive tract
Small intestine
58
What are the three major sections of the small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
59
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum are sections of which structure?
Small intestine
60
The duodenum is the _____ (first/second/third) section of the small intestine
First
61
The Jejunum is the ______ (first/second/third) section of the small intestine
Second
62
The Ileum is the _____ (first/second/third) section of the small intestine
Third
63
How long is the Duodenum
1 foot or 30cm
64
Which section of the small intestine is the site of most digestion?
Duodenum
65
How long is the Jejunum
2.5m
66
How long is the Ileum
2-4m
67
Fill in the blank: The small intestine is lined with finger-like projections called _____
Villi
68
What are villi
Finger-like projections that line the interior of the small intestine
69
Fill in the blank: each villus has __________
Microvilli
70
What are the two functions of villi
1. The site of most macromolecule breakdown 2. The site of various sub-unit absorption
71
Macromolecule breakdown at the villi is an example of ________ digestion
Chemical
72
Where does most macromolecule breakdown occur
At the villi in the small intestine
73
Which sub-units are absorbed by villi
Monosaccharides, amino acids, lipids
74
Fill in the blanks: each villus contains a _________ _______ and a ______ (_____ ______)
Capillary network, lacteal, lymph vessel
75
Monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream through _________________ in each villus
Capillary network
76
_______________ and _____ _____ are absorbed into the bloodstream through capillary networks in each villus
Monosaccharides, amino acids
77
Lipids are absorbed by the _______ in each villus and transported to the circulatory system
Lacteal
78
______ are absorbed by the lacteal in each villus and transported to the circulatory system
Lipids
79
What is chyme
The watery mixture of food and secretions that moves through the digestive tract
80
The watery mixture of food and secretions that moves through the digestive tract is called
Chyme
81
Which process(es) is/are complete by the time chyme reaches the large intestine
Macromolecule chemical digestion + absorption
82
The chemical digestion and macromolecule absorption are complete when chyme reaches the _______________
Large intestine
83
The large intestine is _______ (longer/shorter) and _____ (wider/narrower) than the small intestine
Shorter, wider
84
Which organ houses symbiotic bacteria that feed on waste products of the digestive system?
Large intestine
85
Which organisms that feed on waste products from the digestive system are stored in the large intestine
Symbiotic bacteria
86
What do the symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine do
Release vitamins B & K from fecal matter
87
What releases vitamins B & K from fecal matter
Symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine
88
What is the large intestine responsible for
Absorbing water, salt, vitamins, and minerals
89
Which structure is responsible for absorbing water, salt, vitamins, and minerals
Large intestine
90
Where are feces stored before a bowel movement
Rectum
91
Where are feces expelled
The anal sphincter

Biology 20/30/35 EMHS (2 decks)

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