Excretory products and their elimination Flashcards by Dev Mehta

Mention excretory products in order of their toxicity (most toxic to toxic)

Ammonia – urea – uric acid

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Nitrogenous waste are converted into urea in what body part

Liver

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ammonotelic organism examples

Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, aquatic insects

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Ammonia is excreted out of the body by what methods ( in ammonotelic animals);

Simple diffusion across body surfaces
Through gill surfaces as ammonium ions

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………… necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid for conservation of water.

Terrestrial adaptation

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Nitrogenous waste, which is most soluble in water

Ammonia

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Ureotellic animal examples

Mammals, terrestrial-amphibians, marine – fishes

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Which nitrogenous waste does not require filtration through kidneys

Ammonia

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Uricotellic animals Example

Insects, reptiles, land, snails, birds

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Uric acid is excreted from the body in the form of

Paste or pellets

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Nitrogenous waste, which is excreted with minimum loss of water

Uric acid

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Protonephridia are present in ?

Platyhelminthes ( flat worm- planaria) , Cephalochordate- Amphioxus , rotifers and some annelids

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Function of Protonephridia

Maintains ionic and fluid volume regulation

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Protonephridia also known as

Flame cells

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Nephridia are ________ excretory structures in _______ and other _____

Tubular
Earthworms
Annelids

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Nephridia functions

maintains Ionic and fluid volume balance
Helps remove nitrogen is wastes

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Malpighian tubules are the excretory structures of most _____ including ______

insects
cockroaches

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Malpighian tubule function

Osmoregulation
Removal of nitrogen is wastes

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Antennal glands or _____ perform excretory functions in ______ like ______

Green glands
Crustaceans
Prawns

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Position of the kidneys-

The kidneys are situated between the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra, close close to the dorsal inner abdominal wall.

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Dimensions of kidneys

The kidney is 10 to 12 cm in length,
5 to 7 cm in width,
2 to 3 cm and thickness

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Weight of the kidney

A singular kidney weighs on an average 120 to 170 g

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Towards the inner concave surface of the kidney is a notch called …….. through which ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter

Hilum

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The medulla is divided into a few conical masses called ……… which project into the …….. , which in turn project into the ………

Medullary pyramids
Calyces
Renal pelvis

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Renal columns Are also also called

Columns of Bertini

Each kidney has nearly how many nephrons

1 million

What are the functional units of the kidney?

Nephrons

Each nephron has two parts. Name them.

Glomerulus renal tubule

Glomerulus is a Tuff of capillaries formed by

Afferent arteriole

The renal tube begins with

A double walled Cup like structure called bowman’s capsule

Glomerulus + Bowman’s Capsule is called

Malpighian body Or Renal corpuscle

Parts of the renal tube in order

Bowman’s capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule

Afferent arteriole emerges from the glomerulus to form a network of capillaries around the renal tubule called ?

Peritubular Capillaries

A minute vessel from paratubular capillaries runs parallel to the loop of henle forming a ........ shape called ........

U vasa recta

Parts of the nephron in the cortex?

PCT, DCT, bowmans capsule

parts of nephron in the medulla

Loop of henle extends into the medulla

loop of henle is short - loop of henle is long-

cortical nephron juxtamedullary nephron

vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in?

Cortical nephron

the DCTs of many nephrons open into a straight tube called ........ , many of which open into the ........ through the medullary pyramids into the ....... .

collecting duct renal pelvis calyces

what is the first step in urine formation ?

Glomerular Filtration

on an average , ....to..... ml of blood is filtered out by the kidneys per minute , which constitutes roughly ...... of the amount of blood that is pumped by each ventricle per minute

1100 to 1200 1/5

glomerular filtration occurs through three layers, name them

endothelium of glomerular blood vessels epithelium of bowmans capsule the basement membrane between the two

epithelial cells of Bowmans capsule are called ....... , which are arranged in an intricate manner so as to leave minute spaces called ........ or ..........

podocytes filtration slits slit pores

what passes into the lumen of Bowmans capsule and what doesnt

all the constituents of plasma except proteins pass into the lumen

glomerular filtration is also called ?

ultrafiltration

what is glomerular filtration rate(GFR)?

the amount of filtrate formed in the kidneys per minute

GRF of a healthy person is?

125 ml / min or 180 L per day

JGA fullform

Juxta-Glomerular apparatus

JGA location

Cellular modifications located at the place of contact of Afferent arteriole and DCT

Fall in GFR can activate the JG cells to release ...... which stimulates the ......... , thus bringing the GFR back to normal

rennin Glomerular blood flow

Filtrate formed per day= urine released per day =

180 L 1.5 L

Seconds step in urine formation is?

Reabsorption

Reabsorption is done by ............ cells in different segments of the nephron either by ........... or .......... transport mechanisms

tubular epithelial active passive

substances reabsorbed by active transport?

Na+ , Glucose, Amino acids

substances reabsorbed by passive means ?

nitrogenous wastes

Reabsorption of water occurs passively in the initial segments of the nephron. TRUE or FALSE

True

tubular secretion is important for?

maintaining ionic and acid base balance of the body fluids

……… have the ability to concentrate urine

Mammals

The……… and ………. play a significant role in concentrating urine

Henle’s loop vasa recta

Mention counter currents formed in a nephron

1) between two limbs of loop of henle 2) between 2 limbs of vasa recta 3) between limb of henle & limb of vasa recta

Counter current mechanism help in maintaining an …….. osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium, i.e., from ……. mOsmolL–1 in the cortex to about …… mOsmolL–1 in the inner medulla. This gradient is mainly caused by …. and……..

increasing 300 1200 NaCl urea

Presence of such interstitial gradient helps in an easy passage of water from the …… thereby concentrating the filtrate (urine)

collecting tubule

Presence of such interstitial gradient helps in an easy passage of water from the …….. thereby concentrating the filtrate (urine)

collecting tubule

Humans can concentrate urine up to …… times

The functioning of the kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms involving the ………. , ……… and to a certain extent, the …….

hypothalamus JGA heart

An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate osmoreceptors which stimulate the ……… to release …….. or ……… from the ………..

hypothalamus antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin neurohypophysis

ADH facilitates water …….. from latter parts of the tubule, thereby preventing diuresis.

reabsorption

An increase in body fluid volume can ……. the osmoreceptors and ……. the ADH release to complete the feedback

switch off suppress

ADH can also affect the …… function by its constrictory effects on blood vessels. This causes an increase in ……….. which can …….. the glomerular blood flow and thereby the GFR.

kidney blood pressure. increase

Diabetes insipidus is caused by ?

deficiency of ADH

Effects / symptoms of Diabetes insipidus

Output of large amounts of urine and intense thirst

What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the hairpin bend of loop of henle

1200 mOsmL-1

On an average, how much urea gets excreted per day in an adult human

25-30 grams

The main function of loop of henle is

water conservation

Maximum water reabsorption takes place in?

PCT