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Zoology > Excretory products and their elimination > Flashcards

Excretory products and their elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Mention excretory products in order of their toxicity (most toxic to toxic)

A

Ammonia – urea – uric acid

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2
Q

Nitrogenous waste are converted into urea in what body part

A

Liver

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3
Q

ammonotelic organism examples

A

Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, aquatic insects

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4
Q

Ammonia is excreted out of the body by what methods ( in ammonotelic animals);

A

Simple diffusion across body surfaces
Through gill surfaces as ammonium ions

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5
Q

………… necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid for conservation of water.

A

Terrestrial adaptation

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6
Q

Nitrogenous waste, which is most soluble in water

A

Ammonia

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7
Q

Ureotellic animal examples

A

Mammals, terrestrial-amphibians, marine – fishes

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8
Q

Which nitrogenous waste does not require filtration through kidneys

A

Ammonia 

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9
Q

Uricotellic animals Example

A

Insects, reptiles, land, snails, birds

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10
Q

Uric acid is excreted from the body in the form of

A

Paste or pellets

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11
Q

Nitrogenous waste, which is excreted with minimum loss of water

A

Uric acid

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12
Q

Protonephridia are present in ?

A

Platyhelminthes ( flat worm- planaria) , Cephalochordate- Amphioxus , rotifers and some annelids

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13
Q

Function of Protonephridia

A

Maintains ionic and fluid volume regulation

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14
Q

Protonephridia also known as

A

Flame cells

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15
Q

Nephridia are ________ excretory structures in _______ and other _____

A

Tubular
Earthworms
Annelids

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16
Q

Nephridia functions

A

maintains Ionic and fluid volume balance
Helps remove nitrogen is wastes

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17
Q

Malpighian tubules are the excretory structures of most _____ including ______

A

insects
cockroaches

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18
Q

Malpighian tubule function

A

Osmoregulation
Removal of nitrogen is wastes

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19
Q

Antennal glands or _____ perform excretory functions in ______ like ______

A

Green glands
Crustaceans
Prawns

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20
Q

Position of the kidneys-

A

The kidneys are situated between the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra, close close to the dorsal inner abdominal wall.

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21
Q

Dimensions of kidneys

A

The kidney is 10 to 12 cm in length,
5 to 7 cm in width,
2 to 3 cm and thickness

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22
Q

Weight of the kidney

A

A singular kidney weighs on an average 120 to 170 g

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23
Q

Towards the inner concave surface of the kidney is a notch called …….. through which ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter

A

Hilum

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24
Q

The medulla is divided into a few conical masses called ……… which project into the …….. , which in turn project into the ………

A

Medullary pyramids
Calyces
Renal pelvis

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25
Q

Renal columns Are also also called

A

Columns of Bertini

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26
Q

Each kidney has nearly how many nephrons

A

1 million

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27
Q

What are the functional units of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

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28
Q

Each nephron has two parts. Name them.

A

Glomerulus
renal tubule

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29
Q

Glomerulus is a Tuff of capillaries formed by

A

Afferent arteriole

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30
Q

The renal tube begins with

A

A double walled Cup like structure called bowman’s capsule

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31
Q

Glomerulus + Bowman’s Capsule is called

A

Malpighian body
Or
Renal corpuscle

32
Q

Parts of the renal tube in order

A

Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

33
Q

Afferent arteriole emerges from the glomerulus to form a network of capillaries around the renal tubule called ?

A

Peritubular Capillaries

34
Q

A minute vessel from paratubular capillaries runs parallel to the loop of henle forming a …….. shape called ……..

A

U
vasa recta

35
Q

Parts of the nephron in the cortex?

A

PCT, DCT, bowmans capsule

36
Q

parts of nephron in the medulla

A

Loop of henle extends into the medulla

37
Q

loop of henle is short -
loop of henle is long-

A

cortical nephron
juxtamedullary nephron

38
Q

vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in?

A

Cortical nephron

39
Q

the DCTs of many nephrons open into a straight tube called …….. , many of which open into the …….. through the medullary pyramids into the ……. .

A

collecting duct
renal pelvis
calyces

40
Q

what is the first step in urine formation ?

A

Glomerular Filtration

41
Q

on an average , ….to….. ml of blood is filtered out by the kidneys per minute , which constitutes roughly …… of the amount of blood that is pumped by each ventricle per minute

A

1100 to 1200
1/5

42
Q

glomerular filtration occurs through three layers, name them

A

endothelium of glomerular blood vessels
epithelium of bowmans capsule
the basement membrane between the two

43
Q

epithelial cells of Bowmans capsule are called ……. , which are arranged in an intricate manner so as to leave minute spaces called …….. or ……….

A

podocytes
filtration slits
slit pores

44
Q

what passes into the lumen of Bowmans capsule and what doesnt

A

all the constituents of plasma except proteins pass into the lumen

45
Q

glomerular filtration is also called ?

A

ultrafiltration

46
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate(GFR)?

A

the amount of filtrate formed in the kidneys per minute

47
Q

GRF of a healthy person is?

A

125 ml / min or 180 L per day

48
Q

JGA fullform

A

Juxta-Glomerular apparatus

49
Q

JGA location

A

Cellular modifications located at the place of contact of Afferent arteriole and DCT

50
Q

Fall in GFR can activate the JG cells to release …… which stimulates the ……… , thus bringing the GFR back to normal

A

rennin
Glomerular blood flow

51
Q

Filtrate formed per day=
urine released per day =

A

180 L
1.5 L

52
Q

Seconds step in urine formation is?

A

Reabsorption

53
Q

Reabsorption is done by ………… cells in different segments of the nephron either by ……….. or ………. transport mechanisms

A

tubular epithelial
active
passive

54
Q

substances reabsorbed by active transport?

A

Na+ , Glucose, Amino acids

55
Q

substances reabsorbed by passive means ?

A

nitrogenous wastes

56
Q

Reabsorption of water occurs passively in the initial segments of the nephron. TRUE or FALSE

A

True

57
Q

tubular secretion is important for?

A

maintaining ionic and acid base balance of the body fluids

58
Q
A
59
Q

……… have the ability to concentrate urine

A

Mammals

60
Q

The……… and ………. play a significant role in concentrating urine

A

Henle’s loop
vasa recta

61
Q

Mention counter currents formed in a nephron

A

1) between two limbs of loop of henle
2) between 2 limbs of vasa recta
3) between limb of henle & limb of vasa recta

62
Q

Counter current mechanism help in maintaining an …….. osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium, i.e., from ……. mOsmolL–1 in the cortex to about …… mOsmolL–1 in the inner medulla. This gradient is mainly caused by …. and……..

A

increasing
300
1200
NaCl
urea

63
Q

Presence of such interstitial gradient helps in an easy passage of water from the …… thereby concentrating the filtrate (urine)

A

collecting tubule

64
Q

Presence of such interstitial gradient helps in an easy passage of water from the …….. thereby concentrating the filtrate (urine)

A

collecting tubule

65
Q

Humans can concentrate urine up to …… times

A

4

66
Q

The functioning of the kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms involving the ………. , ……… and to a certain extent, the …….

A

hypothalamus
JGA
heart

67
Q

An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate osmoreceptors which stimulate the ……… to release …….. or ……… from the ………..

A

hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
vasopressin
neurohypophysis

68
Q

ADH facilitates water …….. from latter parts of the tubule, thereby preventing diuresis.

A

reabsorption

69
Q

An increase in body fluid volume can ……. the osmoreceptors and ……. the ADH release to complete the feedback

A

switch off
suppress

70
Q

ADH can also affect the …… function by its constrictory effects on blood vessels. This causes an increase in ……….. which can …….. the glomerular blood flow and thereby the GFR.

A

kidney
blood pressure.
increase

71
Q

Diabetes insipidus is caused by ?

A

deficiency of ADH

72
Q

Effects / symptoms of Diabetes insipidus

A

Output of large amounts of urine and intense thirst

73
Q

What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the hairpin bend of loop of henle

A

1200 mOsmL-1

74
Q

On an average, how much urea gets excreted per day in an adult human

A

25-30 grams

75
Q

The main function of loop of henle is

A

water conservation

76
Q

Maximum water reabsorption takes place in?

A

PCT

Zoology (5 decks)

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