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Zoology > Body Fluids And Circulation > Flashcards

Body Fluids And Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma is ___ % and formed elements ___% of the blood

A

55
45

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2
Q

Colour of plasma

A

Straw coloured

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3
Q

Plasma has ___ % water and ___ % of proteins

A

90-92
6-8

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4
Q

Proteins in blood and their function

A

Fibrinogen - clotting factor
Albumins - maintaining osmotic balance
Globulins - defence mechanisms

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5
Q

Where is fibrinogen produced

A

Liver

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6
Q

Clotting factors present in plasma in what form

A

Inactive

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7
Q

Which are the most abundant formed elements in blood

A

Erythrocytes (rbc)

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8
Q

Average rbcs in healthy man

A

5 to 5.5 million per mm^3

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9
Q

RBC is formed where in adults

A

Red bone marrow

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10
Q

RBC is formed where in embryo

A

Yolk sac

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11
Q

RBCs contain ___ which is ___ in colour and contains ___

A

Haemoglobin
Red
Iron

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12
Q

Function of RBC (haemoglobin)

A

Transport of respiratory gases

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13
Q

Life span of RBS

A

120 days

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14
Q

Where are RBCs destroyed (graveyard of RBC)

A

Spleen

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15
Q

Which organelles do RBCs lack

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria

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16
Q

Number of WBC in blood

A

6000 to 8000 per mm^3

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17
Q

Types of WBCs

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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18
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils

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19
Q

Types of Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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20
Q

Most abundant WBC

A

Neutrophils - 60-65 percent

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21
Q

Least abundant WBC

A

Basophils - 0.5 to 1 percent

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22
Q

Phagocytic WBCs are

A

Neutrophils and Monocytes

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23
Q

Basophils secrete ___ , _____ & ____ and are involved in _____ reactions

A

Histamine
Serotonin
Heparin
Inflammatory

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24
Q

Neutrophils %

A

60-65 %

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25
Q

WBC involved in anti allergic reactions and resist infections

A

Eosinophils

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26
Q

% of Eosinophils

A

2-3

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27
Q

% of Lymphocytes

A

20-25

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28
Q

Lymphocytes are of ___ & ___ types and are responsible for ___ responses of the body

A

B
T
Immune

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29
Q

Thrombocytes are ___ produced from ___

A

cell fragments
Megakaryocytes

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30
Q

No of thombocytes in blood

A

150,000 to 400,000 per mm^3

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31
Q

Mismatched blood transfusion leads to

A

Severe clumping of ( destruction of RBCs)

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32
Q

ABO grouping is based on

A

Surface antigens on RBCs

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33
Q

AB-
O-

A

Universal recipient
Universal donor

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34
Q

Rh antigen is observed on __% of humans

A

Nearly 80

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35
Q

An Rh -ve blood when exposed Rh +ve, blood will form_____

A

specific antibodies against the Rh antigens

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36
Q

A special case of RH incompatibility has been observed between the RH ___ blood of a pregnant mother with RH ___ blood of the fetus

A

negative
positive

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37
Q

Rh incompatibility between pregnant mother and foetus results in ___or ___to the baby

A

Severe anaemia
Jaundice

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38
Q

Special case of Rh incompatibility between pregnant mother and fetus is called as___

A

Erythroblastosis foetalis

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39
Q

Clot or coagulum is formed of a network of threads called____ along with ________ trapped in it

A

Fibrins
Formed elements

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40
Q

Prothrombin in converted to ____ by _______ enzyme complex

A

Thrombin
Thrombokinase

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41
Q

Thrombin converts ____ into ____

A

Fibrinogens
Fibrins

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42
Q

Coagulation of blood is a _____ process

43
Q

___ ions play important role in blood clotting

44
Q

____ has same mineral distribution as plasma

A

interstitial or tissue fluid

45
Q

Exchange of nutrients , gases etc. b/w blood and tissue takes place through ____

A

Interstitial or tissue fluid

46
Q

Lymph is a ____ fluid containing specialised ____ which are responsible for immune responses

A

colourless
lymphocytes

47
Q

Closed circulation is present in ?

A

Annelids and Chordates

48
Q

Open circulation is present in

A

Arthropods and molluscs

49
Q

Fishes have ___ chambered hearts

50
Q

Reptiles and amphibians (except crocodiles) have ___ heart with ___ atria and ____ ventricles

A

3 chambered
2
1

51
Q

Birds mammals and crocodiles have ___ heart

A

Four Chambered

52
Q

Fishes have ____ circulations

53
Q

Amphibians and reptiles have _____ circulations

A

Incomplete double circulations

54
Q

In which animals do the deoxy and oxy blood get mixed

A

Amphibians and reptiles

55
Q

Mammals and birds have _____ circulations

56
Q

Human circulatory system , is also called?

A

Blood vascular system

57
Q

Heart is a ____ derived organ

A

Mesodermally

58
Q

The heart is tilted slightly to the ____ side

59
Q

Heart is enclosed by a _____ walled membranous bag , called _______

A

double
pericardium

60
Q

The atrium and ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick ___ tissue called the______

A

Fibrous
Atrio-ventricular septum

61
Q

Opening between:
left ventricle and left atrium-
Right ventricle and right atrium-

A

Bicuspid or mitral valve
tricuspid

62
Q

Opening of right ventricle into the ____
And opening of left ventricle into the _____ are provided with _____valves

A

Pulmonary artery
Aorta
semilunar valves

63
Q

SAN location

A

Right upper corner of the right atrium 

64
Q

AVN location

A

Lower left corner of the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum

65
Q

The bundle of nodal fibres that arise from AV node are called what?

66
Q

The AV bundle divides and gives rise to minute fibres throughout the _____musculature called ______ fibres

A

Ventricular
Purkinje

67
Q

Nodal musculature in the heart is what?

A

Auto excitable 

68
Q

Which node generates the maximum number of action potentials and how much?

A

SA node
70-75 per minute

69
Q

The responsibility for initiating and maintaining rhythmic contractile activity of the heart is of

A

Sino atrial node 

70
Q

relaxed state of heart chamber/s -
Contracted state of heart chamber-

A

Diastole
systole

71
Q

_____ systole increases the flow of blood into the ventricles by about _____%,

72
Q

Duration of each cardiac cycle is

A

0.8 seconds

73
Q

Each ventricle pumps out about ____ml of blood every cardiac cycle which is called____

A

70
Stroke Volume

74
Q

Average cardiac output is?

75
Q

The first heart sound …. is associated with the closure of the ….and the …. valves whereas the second heart sound …. is associated with the closure of the ….valves

A

lub
Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Dub
Semilunar valves

76
Q

ECG:
machine-
Result -

A

Electrocardiograph
Electrocardiogram

77
Q

P-wave represents what?

A

P wave represents the electrical excitation or Depolarisation of the atria that is contraction of both the atria.

78
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

The QRS complex represents the Depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiates ventricular contraction

79
Q

The T wave represents the return of the …. from …. to …. state that is ….

A

Ventricles
Excited
Normal
Repolarisation

80
Q

Pathway of Pulmonary circulation

A

Right ventricle (Deoxygenated Blood) - pulmonary artery - lungs - oxygenates - pulmonary vein - Left atrium

81
Q

Basically, each artery and vein consists of three layers: an inner lining of……….., the tunica………, a middle layer of …….. and ……. , the tunica……., and an external layer of ………….., the tunica externa.

A

squamous endothelium
intima
smooth muscle
elastic fibres
media
fibrous connective tissue with collagen fibres

82
Q

Pathway of systemic circulation

A

Left Ventricle (Oxygenated blood ) - Aorta - Arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries- Venules - Veins - Vena Cava - Right Atrium

83
Q

A unique vascular connection exists between the intestine and liver called?

A

Hepatic portal system

84
Q

What system is present in our body exclusively for circulation of blood and from the cardiac musculature.

A

Coronary System of blood vessels

85
Q

The heart is auto regulated by specialised muscle in the heart called?

A

Nodal tissue

86
Q

The heart is auto regulated and hence is also also called

87
Q

The Heart is regulated by which part of the neural system

A

Autonomic nervous system

88
Q

The sympathetic neural signal can alter the heart rate in what way and how

A

Increase rate of heart beat and increase strength of ventricular contraction
Thus increase Cardiac Output

89
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system alters the cardiac output in what way and how?

A

Decreases rate of heartbeat and reduces the speed of conduction of action potential
Thus decreases cardiac output

90
Q

Adrenal medullary hormones can alter the cardiac output in what way

A

Increases Cardiac output

91
Q

Normal blood pressure

92
Q

130/ 75 - in this:
130 represents what
75 represents what

A

130 present systolic or pumping pressure
75 represents diastolic or resting pressure

93
Q

A person is diagnosed with high blood pressure when

A

Repeated checks of blood pressure shows 140/90 or higher

94
Q

High blood pressure or hypertension leads to

A

Heart diseases and affects vital organs like brain and kidneys

95
Q

What is heart attack

A

It is sudden damage caused to heart muscles due to inadequate supply of blood to it

96
Q

Heart attack is also known as

A

Myocardial Infarction

97
Q

What is Cardiac Arrest

A

When the heart suddenly stops beating

98
Q

What is Heart Failure

A

It is when the heart is not able to pump enough blood to reach the needs of the body

99
Q

Explain coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

Caused due to deposition of calcium , fat ,cholesterol and fibrous tissue in the coronary arteries that is arteries that supply blood to the heart.
This leads to narrowing of the lumen of coronary arteries

100
Q

Coronary artery disease is also known

A

Atherosclerosis

101
Q

Heart failure is also known as congestive heart failure because of?

A

It is also known as congestive heart failure because one of the main symptoms of heart failure is congestion of lungs

102
Q

What is angina pectoris or angina?

A

It is acute chest pain caused due to inadequate supply of oxygen to heart muscles

103
Q

Angina occurs due to

A

Conditions that affect the blood flow to heart muscles

104
Q

Angina is more common than what people

A

It is more common in middle and elderly people

Zoology (5 decks)

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