Excretory, Microorganisms ,Cardiovascular & Nervous System Flashcards
excretion
the removal of metabolic wastes from the body
egestion
the elimination of indigestible matter through the anus
secretion
the production and release of substances from a gland or organ into the bloodstream, cavity, or duct
homeostasis
the maintenance of a constant internal environment regardless of a changing external environment… the maintenance of tissue fluid state
metabolism
results in the production of chemicals that are harmful if they build up eg. carbon dioxide and urea
tissue fluid suitable conditions maintenance
pH, salt concentration, water condition, waste products
how kidneys maintain homeostasis
removing nitrogenous metabolic waste, regulating the water content of the body, regulate pH
excretory system encludes
kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra
nephron components
Malpighian body and renal tubule
what does the efferent arteriole do
takes blood from the glomerulus
what does the afferent arteriole do
brings blood to the nephron
what does the Bowman’s capsule do
collects filtrate from the glomerulus
what does the loop of Henle do
osmoregulation occurs
what do the peritubular capillaries do
exchange of substances between capillaries and nephron
what does the proximal convoluted tubule do
tubular reabsorption occurs
what does the nephron do
filters the blood and makes urine
the fluid that collects in the Bowman’s capsule
glomerular filtrate
components of glomerular filtrate
glucose, amino acids, mineral salts, vitamins, water
glomerular filtration
ultrafiltration through incredibly fine layers
glomerular filtration capillary membrane
the capillary membrane is a single layer of squamous epithelia and since the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole, high hydrostatic pressure builds in the capillaries and forces fluid and small molecules through these three layers
glomerular filtration basement membrane
covers each capillary. is a thin sheet of fibers and acts as a sieve only allowing urea, uric acid, glucose, creatine, vitamins, mineral salts, and water
glomerular filtration inner lining of Bowman’s capsule
made up of specialized squamous epithelial cells called podocytes. Podocytes are arranged in an irregular manner and these filtration slits move molecules into the Bowman’s capsule
tubular reabsorption into the proximal convoluted tubule
80% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood, 100% of glucose, amino acids, and vitamins are absorbed by diffusion and active transport. 80% of water is absorbed via osmosis
water conservation in the loop of Henle
the ascending limb actively pumps sodium chloride ions into the medulla making it hypertonic. The descending limb pumps water into the medulla via osmosis
tubular excretion in the distill convoluted tubule
wastes such as uric acid, creatine, drugs, colorants, and preservatives are excreted from the blood into the distal convoluted tubule
osmoregulation
dehydration causes the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus to detect low water content in the body which results in ADH secretion from the pituitary gland.
ADH travels via the blood to the kidneys and makes the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts more permeable.
more water moves out the distal convoluted tubule and into the medulla and blood which results in a small amount of concentrated urine
what causes kidney damage
drugs, a hard blow to the back, high blood pressure, bacterial infections, genetic disorders
what does severe kidney damage cause
CKD (chronic kidney disease)
what is ADH
antidiuretic hormone
treatment for CKD
dialysis… a machine removes the waste products from the blood and regulates water concentrations through a surgically modified vessel and an artery and a vein are joined. or kidney transplant
what makes peeing involuntary
spinal issues or a young child
what is urination controlled by
the somatic voluntary motor neurons and the autonomic involuntary motor neurons
what tells the brain when the bladder is full
the strechreceptors
cardio
heart
vascular
transport
what is the cardiovascular system
the transport system in the body that is facilitated by the heart which pumps material around
open circulatory system
deeper tissues and blood vessels are involved
closed circulatory system
blood pumped never leave the vessels
the five leukocytes
monocytes, lymphocytes,eosinophils ,basophils, neutrophils
how does blood clot
injury occurs
platelets move to the injury site and stick to the walls in the area and to each other changing shape to form a plug. they are now referred to as activated
activated platelets release proteins called clotting factors and chemicals to attract more platelets
clotting factors initiate the production of the enzyme thrombin which converts inactive fibrinogen into active fibrin
fibrin forms a mesh over the injured area and more platelets get caught in the mesh growing the clot
valves in veins
semilunar valves which prevent backflow
where is the heart located
in the thoracic cavity between the lungs behind the sternum
connective tissue membrane that covers the heart
pericardium prevents friction and provides protection from infection
blood in the right atrium is pumped to the right ventricle via which valve
tricuspid valve
blood in the left atrium is pumped to the left ventricle via which valve
bicuspid valve
superior vena cava
carries blood from the head, limbs, and thorax
inferior vena cava
carries blood from the lower part of the body
coronary vein
carries blood from the heart walls
how does blood leave the left ventricle
via the aorta through the semilunar valve
pulmonary circulation
blood pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium
systemic circulation
blood pumped from the left ventricle to all parts of the body and back to the heart
double circulation
when blood passes through the heart twice on route to all parts of the body
atrial systole
0,1 seconds and blood is forced through the bicuspid and tricuspid valves into the ventricles
ventricular systole
0,3 seconds and blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery
general diastole
0,4 seconds is a period of complete relaxation
intrinsic
beats by itself
hearts pacemaker and where it is located
the sinoatrial node in the upper right atrium
what does the sinoatrial node do
generates electrical impulses and conducts them through the heart muscle
myogenic meaning
the contraction without nervous stimulation from the brain
parasympathetic motor impulses
slow heart rate
sympathetic motor impulses
increase heart rate
what regulated blood pressure
baroreceptors in the walls of the carotid sinus and aorta
DVT
deep vein thrombosis occurs when a clot forms in a deep vein in the body and can cause a pulmonary embolism
what is used to measure blood pressure
a sphygmomanometer
hypotension
low blood pressure due to disease
hypertension
high blood pressure due to disease and is the accumulation of fat deposits on the walls of coronary arteries
atherosclerosis
the accumulation of fat deposits on coronary artery walls
what can hypertension cause
kidney failure, a stroke, and heart disease
viral replication
attachment, penetration, uncoating
lytic relationship
attachment, penetration, transcription, replication, assembly, lysis
