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Antony & Cleopatra Quotes > Excretory, Microorganisms ,Cardiovascular & Nervous System > Flashcards

Excretory, Microorganisms ,Cardiovascular & Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

excretion

A

the removal of metabolic wastes from the body

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2
Q

egestion

A

the elimination of indigestible matter through the anus

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3
Q

secretion

A

the production and release of substances from a gland or organ into the bloodstream, cavity, or duct

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment regardless of a changing external environment… the maintenance of tissue fluid state

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5
Q

metabolism

A

results in the production of chemicals that are harmful if they build up eg. carbon dioxide and urea

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6
Q

tissue fluid suitable conditions maintenance

A

pH, salt concentration, water condition, waste products

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7
Q

how kidneys maintain homeostasis

A

removing nitrogenous metabolic waste, regulating the water content of the body, regulate pH

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8
Q

excretory system encludes

A

kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra

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9
Q

nephron components

A

Malpighian body and renal tubule

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10
Q

what does the efferent arteriole do

A

takes blood from the glomerulus

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11
Q

what does the afferent arteriole do

A

brings blood to the nephron

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12
Q

what does the Bowman’s capsule do

A

collects filtrate from the glomerulus

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13
Q

what does the loop of Henle do

A

osmoregulation occurs

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14
Q

what do the peritubular capillaries do

A

exchange of substances between capillaries and nephron

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15
Q

what does the proximal convoluted tubule do

A

tubular reabsorption occurs

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16
Q

what does the nephron do

A

filters the blood and makes urine

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17
Q

the fluid that collects in the Bowman’s capsule

A

glomerular filtrate

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18
Q

components of glomerular filtrate

A

glucose, amino acids, mineral salts, vitamins, water

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19
Q

glomerular filtration

A

ultrafiltration through incredibly fine layers

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20
Q

glomerular filtration capillary membrane

A

the capillary membrane is a single layer of squamous epithelia and since the afferent arteriole is wider than the efferent arteriole, high hydrostatic pressure builds in the capillaries and forces fluid and small molecules through these three layers

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21
Q

glomerular filtration basement membrane

A

covers each capillary. is a thin sheet of fibers and acts as a sieve only allowing urea, uric acid, glucose, creatine, vitamins, mineral salts, and water

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22
Q

glomerular filtration inner lining of Bowman’s capsule

A

made up of specialized squamous epithelial cells called podocytes. Podocytes are arranged in an irregular manner and these filtration slits move molecules into the Bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

tubular reabsorption into the proximal convoluted tubule

A

80% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood, 100% of glucose, amino acids, and vitamins are absorbed by diffusion and active transport. 80% of water is absorbed via osmosis

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24
Q

water conservation in the loop of Henle

A

the ascending limb actively pumps sodium chloride ions into the medulla making it hypertonic. The descending limb pumps water into the medulla via osmosis

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25
Q

tubular excretion in the distill convoluted tubule

A

wastes such as uric acid, creatine, drugs, colorants, and preservatives are excreted from the blood into the distal convoluted tubule

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26
Q

osmoregulation

A

dehydration causes the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus to detect low water content in the body which results in ADH secretion from the pituitary gland.

ADH travels via the blood to the kidneys and makes the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts more permeable.

more water moves out the distal convoluted tubule and into the medulla and blood which results in a small amount of concentrated urine

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27
Q

what causes kidney damage

A

drugs, a hard blow to the back, high blood pressure, bacterial infections, genetic disorders

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28
Q

what does severe kidney damage cause

A

CKD (chronic kidney disease)

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29
Q

what is ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

30
Q

treatment for CKD

A

dialysis… a machine removes the waste products from the blood and regulates water concentrations through a surgically modified vessel and an artery and a vein are joined. or kidney transplant

31
Q

what makes peeing involuntary

A

spinal issues or a young child

32
Q

what is urination controlled by

A

the somatic voluntary motor neurons and the autonomic involuntary motor neurons

33
Q

what tells the brain when the bladder is full

A

the strechreceptors

34
Q

cardio

A

heart

35
Q

vascular

A

transport

36
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

the transport system in the body that is facilitated by the heart which pumps material around

37
Q

open circulatory system

A

deeper tissues and blood vessels are involved

38
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood pumped never leave the vessels

39
Q

the five leukocytes

A

monocytes, lymphocytes,eosinophils ,basophils, neutrophils

40
Q

how does blood clot

A

injury occurs

platelets move to the injury site and stick to the walls in the area and to each other changing shape to form a plug. they are now referred to as activated

activated platelets release proteins called clotting factors and chemicals to attract more platelets

clotting factors initiate the production of the enzyme thrombin which converts inactive fibrinogen into active fibrin

fibrin forms a mesh over the injured area and more platelets get caught in the mesh growing the clot

41
Q

valves in veins

A

semilunar valves which prevent backflow

42
Q

where is the heart located

A

in the thoracic cavity between the lungs behind the sternum

43
Q

connective tissue membrane that covers the heart

A

pericardium prevents friction and provides protection from infection

44
Q

blood in the right atrium is pumped to the right ventricle via which valve

A

tricuspid valve

45
Q

blood in the left atrium is pumped to the left ventricle via which valve

A

bicuspid valve

46
Q

superior vena cava

A

carries blood from the head, limbs, and thorax

47
Q

inferior vena cava

A

carries blood from the lower part of the body

48
Q

coronary vein

A

carries blood from the heart walls

49
Q

how does blood leave the left ventricle

A

via the aorta through the semilunar valve

50
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium

51
Q

systemic circulation

A

blood pumped from the left ventricle to all parts of the body and back to the heart

52
Q

double circulation

A

when blood passes through the heart twice on route to all parts of the body

53
Q

atrial systole

A

0,1 seconds and blood is forced through the bicuspid and tricuspid valves into the ventricles

54
Q

ventricular systole

A

0,3 seconds and blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery

55
Q

general diastole

A

0,4 seconds is a period of complete relaxation

56
Q

intrinsic

A

beats by itself

57
Q

hearts pacemaker and where it is located

A

the sinoatrial node in the upper right atrium

58
Q

what does the sinoatrial node do

A

generates electrical impulses and conducts them through the heart muscle

59
Q

myogenic meaning

A

the contraction without nervous stimulation from the brain

60
Q

parasympathetic motor impulses

A

slow heart rate

61
Q

sympathetic motor impulses

A

increase heart rate

62
Q

what regulated blood pressure

A

baroreceptors in the walls of the carotid sinus and aorta

63
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis occurs when a clot forms in a deep vein in the body and can cause a pulmonary embolism

64
Q

what is used to measure blood pressure

A

a sphygmomanometer

65
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure due to disease

66
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure due to disease and is the accumulation of fat deposits on the walls of coronary arteries

67
Q

atherosclerosis

A

the accumulation of fat deposits on coronary artery walls

68
Q

what can hypertension cause

A

kidney failure, a stroke, and heart disease

69
Q

viral replication

A

attachment, penetration, uncoating

70
Q

lytic relationship

A

attachment, penetration, transcription, replication, assembly, lysis

Antony & Cleopatra Quotes (10 decks)

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