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MCAT BIOLOGY > Excretory And Digestive System > Flashcards

Excretory And Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Excretory organs?

A

Liver: (hydrophobic and large waste)

Skin: sweat (water, urea, ions)

Colon: reabsorption and excretion of waters day ions

Kidney: (hydrophilic waste)

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2
Q

Excretory and homeostatic role of the kidney processes

A

Filtration
Selective reabsorption
Secretion
Concentration and dilution

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3
Q

Secretion , conc, and dilution occurs mostly where and what hormone control them?

A

Mostly occurs in DCT and collecting tubules

Controlled by ADH and aldosterone.

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4
Q

Loop of Henle consist of? And what is reabsorbed at each phase

A

Thin Descending loop - reabsorption of water leaving the filtrate conc

Thin ascending loop- reabsorption of ions

Thick ascending- reabsorption of NACL and secretion of k+ leaving the medulla osmolarity high

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5
Q

Countercurrent multiplier (CCM) and countercurrent exchanger (CCE)

A

Loop of henle - aims to leave the medulla salty and facilitates the reabsorption of water in the CD. This is how kidney can make urine with more osmolarity in urine that in plasma

CCE- vasa recta( descending peritubular cappilaries)

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6
Q

Glomerulus filtration apparatuses (GFA) - renal regulation of bp and ph

A

GFA is the link btw the afferent arteries (JG CELLS) and the distal tubules( MACULA DENSA)

Afferent arteries (baroreceptors)- contrl systemic bp by releasing renin when bp is low . Renin lead to release of aldosterone

Distal tubules (chemoreceptors)- contrl filtrate osmolarity ; reduced filtration rate, by activating the JC cells or dilating the afferent arterioles

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7
Q

Ph regulation?

A

HCO3-

H+

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8
Q

Enzymatic hydrolysis for macromolecules

A

Triglycerides- 2FA + 1 monoglyceride by lipase

Polysaccharides- diassacharudes by amylase or ptyalin

Dissachrides- monosaccharide by dissachridases

Polypeptide- dipeptide and tripeptide by gastric acidity , pepsin, pancreatic proteases( trypsin and cgemotrypsin)

Diapeptide and tripeptide - aa by peptidases (SI)

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9
Q

Hi lumen layers?

A

Mucosa (epithelial cell, villi)

Submicosa ( CT)

Muscularis ( circular and longitudinal SM)

Serosa (CT)

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10
Q

Gi epithelium structures?

A 
Basement membrane
Apical surface
Microvilli 
Tight junction 
Basolateral surface
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11
Q

Types of muscles?

A

Non straited— smooth muscle

Striated — skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

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12
Q

GI motility contrl is determined by 5 factors?

A
  1. Automacity
  2. Functional syncrium
  3. Hormonal input
  4. Enteric NS
  5. Para.s and s stimulation
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13
Q

Enteric NS

A

Help to regulate blood flow , peristalsis, movement of fluid in and out of the gut

Divided into
mysentric plexus - found btw the smooth muscles and help regulates gut motility

Submucosa plexus- in the submicosa, regulates enzyme secretion , blood flow, ion and water balance in the lumen

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14
Q

Gi secretion

A

Exocrine (enzymes)- pancreas( pancreatic Acinar cells), liver, gallbladder, gastric glands, goblet cells

Endocrine (hormones) - pancreas (islet of larngahens) , cells in the wall of gut,

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15
Q

Saliva enzymes?

A

Silica amylase
Saliva lipase- tiny quantity
Saliva lysozyme- to attack bacteria

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16
Q

Gastric secretions?

A

Chief cell- pepsin: proteolysis( protein breakdown)

Parietal cells - HCL and IF

G cells- gastrin : stimulates HCL and pepsin secretion by using histamine

17
Q

Why need for stomach acidity?

A
  1. Hydrolysis of protein

2 conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

  1. Killing of microorganisms
18
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Prevent backglow of food from duodenum to stomach and vice versa

By 3 duodenal hormones

  1. (CCK) mainly
  2. Secretin
  3. Enterogastrone
19
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Hormone secreted by the deodenum in response to fat in deodenum that prevent the stomach from empty by closing the pyloric spincter , causes pancreas to release enzymes, bile release, -Ce gastric motility (all corporate to deal with fat in deodenum)

20
Q

Digestion and absorption beginning and end?

A

Digestion begin in mouth and end in the Jejunum

Absorption begins in the deodenum and end in ileum

21
Q

Intestinal villus contains?

A
  1. Capillaries for absorption to the hepatic portal vein
  2. Lacteals- for FAt absorption
  3. Payers patches- collection of lymphocytes 4 protection
22
Q

Ileum

A

Absorption of bit b12-IF complex

ReAbsorption of bile acid

23
Q

Bile acid sequestrants?

A

Drugs that bind bile acid in the small.i leading to excretion of the bile in feces

24
Q

Deodenal enzymes? And duodenal hormones?

A

Enzymes
1.Deodenal enterokinase (enteropeptidase)- activates trypsinogen

  1. Brush boarder enzymes- enzymes that do their work (hydrolysis of carbs and protein into aa and monosaccharides) on the surface of the brush boarded epithilium e.g dissachridases and petidases

Hormones
1. CCK- pancreas release enzymes, bile release, -Ce gastric motility (all corporate to deal with fat in deodenum)

  1. Secretin: causes release of HCO3- from pancreas
  2. Enterogastrone: -ce stomach emptying
25
Q

Colonic bacteria?

A

Help to keep dangerous bacteria from proliferation

Supply us with vit k (blood clot)

26
Q

Pancreatic enzymes and hormones?

NOTE: Trypsin activates all other proteases

A

Enzymes (pancreas acinar cells)

  1. Pancreatic amylase
  2. pancreatic lipase
  3. Nucleases
  4. Pancreatic proteases- all secreted in their inactive form ;zymogens (trypsinogen, chemotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, procollagenase)

Hormones (islet of largarhens)

  1. Alpha cell- glucagon
  2. Beta cell- insulin
  3. Gamma cell- somatostatin
27
Q

Blood glucose +ce and -ce?

A

BG +ce by insulin

BG -ce by
1. Glucagon (polypeptide from pancreas)

  1. Epinephrine (aa derivatives from ad medulla)
  2. Cortisol (steroid hormone from as cortex)
28
Q

Bile is made up of?

A
  1. Bile acid/ salt
    2 bilirubin from rbc
  2. Cholesterol

Bile breakdown large fat particles into smaller micelles

It also help fat the diffuse across the intestinal mucosa membrane

29
Q

Gallstone?

A

Large crystals formed by bile made with incorrect ingredient proportions

30
Q

Hormonal control of appetite

A

Actuate nucleus of the hypothalamus stimulates

  1. Ghrelin( stomach)- the stomach is empty to +ce appetite
  2. Leptin- from adipose tissue to -ce appetite when TG is high the blood
  3. Peptide yy- from jejunum, to -ce appetite when the colon is full
31
Q

Vitamins?

A

Fat soluble- ADEK

Water soluble- BC

VIT A(retinol)- visual pigment

VIT D- ca+ absorption from the gut and desposition in bones

VIT E- prevent oxidation of fatty acid

VIT K- needed for formation of clotting factor

B1( thiamine)

B2 (riboflavin)

B3 ( niacin)

B6 (pyridoxine)

B12 (cobalamin)

VIT C (ascorbic acid)

Biotin

Folate

MCAT BIOLOGY (3 decks)

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