Excretion etc Flashcards
What is excretion and what could happen if this did not exist?
Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body. The metabolic waste in the body would build up causing toxins to be released into your blood damaging the body’s tissues. this could lead you to grow ill as the blood would be affected and your white blood cells would not be able to function and fight disease in suuch conditions.
what are the excretory organs, their excretory products and their components.
Kidneys - Urine (water, mineral salts and urea)
Skin (Largest Organ ever) - Sweat ( water, mineral salts and traces of urea)
Lung - Exhaled air ( wator vapour, Carbon dioxide co2 )
How is urea made?
Urea is made during the proces deamination this is when excess amino acids are broken down in the liver
https://quizlet.com/505135254/year-11-excretory-system-diagram/
Label
A= Afferent, B= Bowman’s capsule, C= Glomerulus D= Distal convulated tubule, F= Loop of henle and G = proximal convulated tubule
Explain the function of each. ( and the collecting ducks)
A= Bringing blood under under high pressure from the renal artery to the cappilaries in the glomerulus
B= filtrates plasma from blood during ultrafiltration
C= Carry’s blood from arteriols to be filtered into the surrounding bowmans capsule during ultra filtration.
D= selectively reabsorbs water and mineral salts this is controled by ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
F= Produces a concentration gradient in the medulla
G= Carries reabsorbed nutrients back into the blood!!!!!!
Bonus
Collecting ducks - carry urine to the ureter
Hence describe ultrafiltration.
It is the filtration of plasma and all the other smaller nutrients from the blood into the surrounding bowmans capsule using the high blood pressure in the glomerulus.
What is the sphincter muscle? where is it located? and what does it do?
it is a muscle at the base of the kidney that contracts to squeeze the urethra shut and prevent continuous urination. (babies have to learn to contract and relax sphincter muscle) this is a conditioned action.
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Label
A= sebaceous gland B= Sweat gland & sweat gand C= hair erector muscle D= Pressure receptors & Pain receptors E= Fatty layer below skin F = capillary network G= malpighian layer H= Hair follicle I= hair J= Temperature receptors
Hence describe the function for sweat besides participating in excretion.
Sweat helps with cooling the body down using evaporation.
What are the two parts of the skin and explain them and their function.
The epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the first 2 layers of the skin ( the cornified layer and the malpighian layer). the cornified layer contains keratin constantly renews using mitosis as the dead cells rub off and protect the underlying tissues from friction.
The dermis is the part after the two which contains the sweat gland, capillary network, hair follicle etc
considering, state the functions of the skin.
Excretes sweat
Protects agsins tharm to tissues and pathogens (stops them from entering the body)
Melanin absorbs UV light
Prevents excessive water loss by covering tissues
detects temperature chahnges, pain and pressure
Creates Vitamin D using ultraviolet light
regulates body temp by sweatingand Vaso dialation and constriction
What is homeostasis?
is a process initiated by the body to ensure that its internal environment reamins constant no matter the changes of the external environment.
What is a negative and positive feedback mechanism
Negative is when the body detects a change and initiates a mechanism to bring it back to normal. e.g too much or too little glucose in the blood. increase co2 in the blood. Positive is when there is a change occur but a stimulus is produced to initiate MORE of the same. for e.g More and more urine enter the bladder causing the bladder wall to stretch, as the cannal strectches more oxytocin is produced which stimulates childbirth (cramps)
Suckling by baby stimulates the production of more milk.
clotting stimulates continuous clotting until cut is healed.
Most positive feedbacks only last for a period of time
Explain the negative feed backs listed above.
the insulin moves into the liver using the blood which causes the liver to absorb more glusoce. The glucose is then converted to glycogen and stored. the normal concentration has been restored.
The glucagon psses into the liver using the blood and cuases the liver to convert glycogen to glucose. it is then realesed into the blood stream. the normal concentration has bee restored.
Explain the regulation of water ?
the hypothalamus detects a high blood concentration
the pituitary glad is stimulated to secrete ADH this is carried to the kidneys in the blood. the ADH makes the walls in the distal tubule more permeable to water which means more water is reabsorbed back into the blood. the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete less ADH this is carried iin the blood to the kdneys. this makes the kidney walsls less permeable to water ewhich allows less water to be reabsorbed into the body.
List some of the ways the body losses heat.
Evaporation of sweat and vaso dialation
What is Heat?
heat is a form of energy and is measured in Kilojoules.
Heat loss using evaporation of sweat.
impulse is sent by hypothalamus to sweat glands. it beings to produce sweat , sweat moves to the surface of the body and evaporates (from water to water vapour) using the heat from the body, the body begins to cool down.
Heat loss using vaso dialation.
the arterioles dialate so more blood can flow through them, the blood then rushes to the capillaries near the skin’s surface and more heat is loss from the blood through the skin by radiation in the atmosphere.
What happens to the body temperature if sweat cannot evaporate?
The hypothalamus stimlates the sweat glad to produce sweat, sweat is produced by the gland and moves to the surface of the skin, it then evaporates (changes from water to vapour) using up the heat from the body. if this does not happen the heat in the body would not be used up and would be reatained by the body. it will remain hot (no heat will be lost)
How and when is heat energy in the body transferred
it is transferred from glucose to the cells during respiration.
state some ways in Which your body conserves/gain heat when you are cold.
Shivering, Vaso constriction and exercise (any increased muscle action).
What is vaso constriction
This is when the arterioles get narrower to reduce the amount of blood entering the capillaries under the skin’s surface so that less heat is loss by radiation in the atmosphere and more heat is retained by the body.
How does shivering help keep us warm?
shivering is the contraction and relaxation of the muscles at a fast rate this increases respiration (as the muscles need energy to contract) so more heat produced by respiration is transferred to the blood as respiration increase.
Hence list the things which produce heat.
Shivering and exercise
Respiration of body cells
Metabolism in the liver
And list things that aids in heat retention.
Vasoconstriction
fat insulation
Finally, list those that transport heat and detect changes in heat
Transport= blood circulation
detects= Receptors in the hypothalamus.
What consist of the Central nervous system (CNS)?
Brain and spinal cord
What consist of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS )?
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
What is your Automatic nervous system and which other nervous system is it apart of?
it is apart of the peripheral nervous system and it is a collection of neurons (nerve cells) which influence many organ which we do not have concious control of.
Hence list examples of organs and things done by them that are controlled by the automatic system.
Somach, heart and lungs. (peristalsis. heart rate, breathing rate).
What are some examples of stimuli ?
Chemicals (smells), light, sound, touch, temperature and gravity.
what is the name of the cell which detect stimuli?
Receptor cells
what is the name of the things that respond to stimuli and what are they?
They are muscles and secretory organs called glands they are effectors.
state the sense organs>
Nose
tongue
skin
eyes
ears
who coordinates the receptors and effectors?
your nervous system coordinate these and they use impulses that rapidly conducted by nerves around the body.
what is a nerve?
It is a bundle of nerve cells or neurons.
What does sensory neurons do?
sensory neurons carry impulses to the Central nervous system. It conducts impulses from the sense organs. their cell body is usuallly outside their body. (nerve endings connect to receptor cells)
Motor neurons?
They carry impulses away from the Central Nervous System. their cell body is usually at the end of thier connected dentrite. this is also called an effector neuron because it conducts an impulse from the CNS to the effector organ (muscle or glands). (nerve endings connect to effector organs muscle or glands)
Relay neurons?
they link motor and sensory neurons. Their cell body is usually at the middle.
what is the myelin sheath?
it ia a fatty white sheath around the axon. there are little gaps in it which allows the impulse to hop from node to node ultimately speading up their rate of conduction.
what are thoose small gaps called?
Nodes
What is a synapses?
Asynapses is a ssmall gap between nerve and muscles cells.
What part does the myelin sheath play durng nerve impulses?
it provides an insulating effect on the electrical activity.
What is meant by irritability and conductivity?
irritability is the ability to respond to a stimuli and convert it into a nerve impulse.
Conductivity = the ability to transmit that impulses
How does a nerve impulse travel across a synapse ?
when a nerve impulse reaches the end it causes the release of chemicals from vesicals which diffuse across the synapse. When it reaches the other cell membrane it (neurotransmitters) attaches to receptors which cause a nerve impulse in the next neurone.
what are some common neurotransmitters ?
acetylcholine, dopamine, adrenaline and endorphins.
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A= cerebrum
B= cerebellum
C= Hypothslsmus
D= pituitary gland
E= Brain stem
why does the white matter appera white? what does it do?
the white matter apears white because the neuron in it are wrapped in white fattty substances (myelin sheath). it runs lengthways and it carry’s nerve impulses to and from the brsin to and from spinal nerves.
and grey matter?
it is grew because it contains cell bodies and unmyelinated axons (no white fatty substances) of relay and motor neurons.
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-illustration/vertebra-cross-section-human-body-600w-704068639.jpg
label
A= grey matter
B= central canal
C= white matter
D= Dorsal root
E= ventral root
F= dorsal root ganglion
G= sinal nerves
h= canal for small artery (arteriole)
I = Arch
what does the central canal contain?
it is continuos with cavities in the brain and it conains cerebrospinal fluid.
what is cerebrospinal fluid?
cerebrospinal fluid is a flud which carries nutrients to the nerve cells and waste away. it also protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma.
what is a reflex action?
a reflex action is a quick automatic response to stimulus. its purpose is to avoid damage to the body. there are two different types spinal and cranial.
