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Biology A2 > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolic waste

A

Consists of the waste substances that are toxic or produced in excess by the reactions inside cells

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2
Q

Egestion

A

The removal of undigested food by the process of defecation

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3
Q

Deamination

A

The removal of the amine group from an amino acid to produce ammonia

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4
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Carries blood from the digestive system to the liver

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5
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Macrophages that break down and recycle old red blood cells

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6
Q

Bilirubin

A

Waste product from break down of Haemoglobin

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7
Q

Urea

A

Excretory product formed from break down on excess amino acids

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8
Q

Ornithine cycle

A

The process in which ammonia is converted into urea.

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9
Q

Detoxification

A

Conversion of toxic molecules to non toxic molecules

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10
Q

Nephron

A

Receives fluid from blood capillaries and converts into urine

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11
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillaries that increase blood pressure to squeeze fluid out of the body.

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12
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

When useful substances are reabsorbed from the nephron into the blood stream

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13
Q

Afferent vessels

A

Bring blood into organ

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14
Q

Efferent vessels

A

Carry blood away from the organ

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15
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Large molecules and cells left in blood and small molecules pass through Bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

Podocytes

A

Specialised cells that make up lining of Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

Microvilli

A

Microscopic folds that increase the surface area of the cell

18
Q

Co-transporter proteins

A

Proteins in the cell surface membrane that allow facilitated diffusion of simple ions with a larger molecule

19
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion that is enhanced by the actions of proteins in the plasma membrane

20
Q

Sodium-potassium pumps

A

Special proteins in plasma membrane that actively transport sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients

21
Q

Hairpin countercurrent multiplier

A

Allows exchange between contents to create high concentration solutes

22
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Control and regulation of water potential of body fluids

23
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Coiled portion of the nephron between loop of Henle and the collecting duct

24
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Increases reabsorption of water

25
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Receptor cells that monitor the water potential of the blood.

26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of brain that monitors blood

27
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Specialised cells that release hormones into the blood. Similar system to nerve cells

28
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Releases ADH

29
Q

Half life

A

Time for concentration to drop to half it’s original value

30
Q

Dialysis

A

Partially permeable membrane that filters blood

31
Q

Dialysis membrane

A

Separates dialysis fluid from patients blood in dialysis machine.

32
Q

Dialysis fluid

A

Similar composition to body fluids

33
Q

Haemodialysis

A

Blood taken from vein and passed through dialysis machine so exchange can occur across artificial membrane

34
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysis fluid pumped into body so exchange can occur across peritoneal membrane

35
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of metabolic waste from the body

36
Q

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

A

Hormone released by embryos. Presence in urine confirms pregnancy

37
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Identical antibodies (clones) that bind only to hCG. Gets tagged with a blue bead

38
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Drugs that mimic the action of steroid hormones that increase muscle growth

39
Q

Gas chromatography

A

Separates gaseous substances

40
Q

Chromatogram

A

Chart produced when substances separates by movement of a solvent along a permeable material

Biology A2 (5 decks)

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