Cellular Control

Question 1

Polypeptide

Answer 1

A polymer consisting in amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds

Question 2

Genome

Answer 2

The entire DNA sequence of that organism. The human genome consists of about 3 billion nucleotide base pairs

Question 3

Protein

Answer 3

A large polypeptide usually 100 or more amino acids.

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

Length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

Question 5

Transcription

Answer 5

The creation of a single-stranded mRNA copy of the DNA coding strand

Question 6

Translation

Answer 6

The assembly of polypeptides at ribosomes

Question 7

Mutation

Answer 7

Change in the amount of arrangement of genetic material in a cell

Question 8

Chromosome mutations

Answer 8

Change to parts of chromosomes

Question 9

DNA Mutations

Answer 9

Changes in genes due to changes in base sequences

Question 10

Allele

Answer 10

Alternate version of a gene. Still at the same locus on the chromosome and codes for the same polypeptide but the different base sequence may alter protein structure

Question 11

Operon

Answer 11

A length of DNA made up of structural genes and control sites.

Question 12

Structural genes

Answer 12

Code for proteins such as enzymes

Question 13

Control sites

Answer 13

The operator region and the promoter region

Question 14

Operator region

Answer 14

The length of DNA next to structural genes. Can switch them on or off

Question 15

Promoter region

Answer 15

Length of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to begin the transcription of the structural genes

Question 16

Repressor protein

Answer 16

Can bind to the operator region, so RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter region to transcribe the structural genes

Question 17

Regulatory gene

Answer 17

Codes for repressor protein

Question 18

Homeobox genes

Answer 18

Control the development of the body plan of an organism, including the polarity and positioning of the organs

Question 19

Phagocytosis

Answer 19

Endocytosis of large solid molecules

Question 20

Meiosis

Answer 20

Cell produced with half the original number of chromosomes (haploid) and so can be used for sexual reproduction

Question 21

Allele

Answer 21

Gene with different base sequence that is expressed as a slightly different polypeptide

Question 22

Locus

Answer 22

Position of a gene on a chromosome

Question 23

Crossing over

Answer 23

When lengths of DNA are swapped between chromatids

Question 24

Chromosome mutation

Answer 24

Random change to structure of a chromosome

Question 25

Codominant

Answer 25

When the alleles both contribute to the phenotype

Question 26

Epistasis

Answer 26

Interaction of different gene loci so that one gene locus masks the expression of another

Question 27

Biological species concept

Answer 27

A group of similar organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 28

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 28

A group of organisms that have similar morphology, embryology, behaviour and occupy the same ecological niche

Question 29

Monophyletic group

Answer 29

Includes an ancestral organism and all it’s descendent species

Question 30

Paraphyletic group

Answer 30

Includes most recent ancestor but not all descendants.