Excretion Flashcards
What is Excretion?
A process used to remove waste materials that would be toxic to the body
The excretory system also maintains osmotic balance in the body (ratio of solutes to water)
How does the Excretory system work?
Using several cell transport mechanisms, or Mossi, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and concentration gradients
What organs are involved in waste removal? LLK
Lungs (to remove carbon dioxide)
Liver (Bile Pigments (from the breakdown of haemoglobin) Lactic Acid (from anaerobic respiration) Urea (from the breakdown of protein)
Kidneys (medications/toxins, Nitrogenous Wastes (from liver, urea, Uris acid, ammonia), Ions & electrolytes)
How are unwanted toxins turned into less toxic forms?
They are broken down
What is Deamination?
It’s when amino acids that form proteins are broken up so the body can harvest materials for carbohydrates (energy). The body does this when more proteins (amino acids) are consumed than are needed
What two substances are byproducts of fat metabolism?
Ammonia
Keto Acid
What is Red blood cell recycling?
When the liver breaks apart haemoglobin complexes to recycle iron & make bile
Red blood cells are broken down into Haemoglobin, which breaks into Globins, and Heme.
(Heme turns into Bilirubin,and Bilirubin turns to Bile)
How is Alcohol broken down?
When Ethanol is broken into more toxic, then less toxic substances to be excreted
Ethanol —> Acetaldehyde —> Acetate —> CO2 + H2O
What is the first stage in the Passage of Pee?
First, blood travels through the Hepatic Artery to the Liver
What is the second stage in the Passage of Pee? NUUCHH
The blood picks up NH3, urea, uric acid, CO2, H+, HCO-3
Then it travels to the heart via the Hepatic Vein and the Vena Cava
What is the third stage in the Passage of Pee?
The heart (right side) pumps the blood to the lungs which drop off CO2, and pick up O2
Then it travels to the heart via the Pulmonary Veins
What is the fourth stage in the Passage of Pee?
The heart (left side) pumps the blood to the Renal Artery via the Aorta
What is the fifth stage in the Passage of Pee?
The Kidney receive the blood via the Renal Artery and using its Nephrons, it carries out filtration, reabsorption, and it also secretes stuff
Urine then enters the Renal Pelvis, where it travels to the ureter, then the Bladder (urine storage)
What happens in the Nephron?
Substances are removed (tube —> collecting duct) and retained (tubules —> capillaries)
What does changing the permeability of channels in the Nephron do?
Modifies H2O absorption or excretion
Modifies Ion (Na+ & Cl-) absorption or secretion
Which will affect blood volume & pressure & urine concentration
Modifies H+ & HCO-3 absorption or secretion
Which will affect blood pH
What does the Glomerulus do?
Filtration
Everything (except blood cells & proteins) is pushed out at the glomerulus & collected as filtrate
in the Bowman’s Capsule
What happens in the first top loop?
Reabsorption, to keep nutrients & glucose
What happens in the second top loop?
Secretion
Move toxins to tubules (urine)
Balance blood pH, secrete H+, (increase pH) or secrete HCO-3 (decrease pH)
Nephron Anatomy (in order) (7) GBLDPCR
Glomerulus Bowman’s Capsule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Peritubular Capillaries Collecting Duct Renal Pelvis
What in the brain regulates water intake?
Osmoreceptors
What does your brain release when you’re thirsty?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) —> reabsorption H2O Aldosterone —> reabsorb Na+/Cl- & H2O
Two disorders of the Excretory system
Diabetes
(Melitus, sugar, decreased insulin) = sugary urine
(Insipidus decreased ADH) = high volume of dilute pee
Kidney failure
Breakdown of filtration tissues
What are two ways to fix kidney failure?
Dialysis
(Artificial/natural membranes used to filter body fluid)
Kidney Transplant