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Unit Three Grade 11 Biology - Digestion and Excretion > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Digestion?

A

A process used to obtain energy (calories) nutrients & resources to build & repair body tissues

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2
Q

What are the Four Stages of Digestion?

A

Ingestion (taking stuff in)
Digestion (break stuff into smaller molecules)
Absorption (moving molecules to the blood)
Egestion/Elimination (removal of waste/toxin)

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3
Q

What is the Alimentary Canal?

A

Tubes and chambers food passes through

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4
Q

What do the Accessory Organs do?

A

Make secretions to help digest food and regulate processes

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5
Q

What is the Anatomy to do with Digestion? (14)

A 
Oral Cavity
Salivary Glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Cardiac Sphincter (LES)
Stomach
Pyloric Sphincter
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Small/Large Intestines
Appendix (cecum)
Rectum
Anus
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6
Q

What is Mechanical Digestion?

A

Starts in the Oral Cavity

Physical Breakdown of solid food into smaller bits (squishing/grinding) to increase surface area of food materials

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7
Q

How does Mechanical Digestion work?

A

Oral Cavity
Tongue moves and crushes food, teeth masticate (chew) food

Stomach
3 layers of muscle tissue to twist & crush food

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8
Q

What are the types of teeth, and what does it mean if you have more variety?

A

More types of teeth = more variety in diet

Incisors
    (flat front teeth) - nipping, biting,
    Pulling
Canines
    (pointy) - grabbing/stabbing
Premolars
    Shearing (carnassials, scissor teeth)
Molars
    Grinding & crushing plant matter
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9
Q

What is Dental Formula

A

Distribution (# of teeth types)

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10
Q

What is the Human Dental Formula?

A

2:1:2:3

Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars

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11
Q

What does Chemical Digestion do?

A

Breaks biomolecule polymers back into their monomers

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12
Q

Where does Chemical Digestion start and what happens there?

A

It starts in the Oral Cavity

The salivary glands secrete saliva which contains H2O (which dissolves some nutrients), enzymes like Amylase (which breaks starch into smaller chains)
Mucous (to lubricate the food bolus)

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13
Q

What is Peristalsis what organism performs it?

A

The smooth muscle of the Esophagus performs Peristalsis to move the bolus to the stomach
Also the Small Intestine

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14
Q

What happens when food arrives at the stomach?

A

A signal from the Vagus Nerve & the hormone Gastrin tell the stomach glands to produce Gastric Juice

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15
Q

What materials are in Gastric Juice?

A

HCl (to decrease the pH of the stomach, to dissolve some materials& kill pathogens)
Pepsin (enzyme to digest proteins it is secreted as pepsinogen and is activated at a low pH)
And some lipases to digest fat

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16
Q

What does partially digested food exit the stomach as?

A

Chyme. When chyme enters the Small Intestine, the pH decreases, so the hormone Secretin is released
Secretin targets the Pancreas, which releases Bicarbonate Ions (which neutralize Chyme)

17
Q

Apart from Bicarbonate Ions, what does the Pancreas secrete? ATEN

A

Amylase -> to digest polysaccharides -> which make monosaccharides
Trypsin -> to digest polypeptides
Erepsin -> to digest polypeptides
Nuclease -> to digest nucleic acid

18
Q

What does the Liver do?

A

It breaks down red blood cells. A byproduct of this is a pigment called Bilirubin. Bilirubin is turned into bile the liver & stored in the Gall Bladder

19
Q

What does the Small Intestine do?

A

Carries out Fat Digestion

If you eat fat and it appears in the Small Intestine, Cholecystokin (CCK) is released. CCK acts on the Gallbladder. The Gallbladder releases Bile into the Small Intestine to emulsify (increase SA) the fat

Pancreatic Lipase then digests the fat

20
Q

What affect does CCK have on Peristalsis in the Small Intestine and why?

A

It slows it down, to increase absorption

21
Q

Why is Digestion regulated?

A

So only the necessary secretions are made. And so those secretions only act on the intended target

22
Q

What three factors stimulate digestive secretions?

A

Sensory Input (sight, smell, taste of food)
Dissension (stretching) of the stomach
Chemical receptors in the gut

23
Q

What two things direct secretion to be released and what are they released by?

A

The Vagus Nerve & hormones, secretions are released by the Alimentary Canal

24
Q

What is the formula for Digestion?

A

Nutrient. ————> Organ ——-—> Gland ———-—> Enzyme
^ Acts on Secrets a Secretes. I
I Receptors. Hormone. l
I ____________________________________________________________________I
Digests

25
Q

How is Peristalsis regulated?

A

Hormones
Gastrin increases contraction in stomach
CCK (& enterogastrone) slow peristalsis in the intestine to increase absorption

26
Q

What happens when blood sugar is high?

A

The Pancreas secretes Insulin
Cells absorbs glucose in the blood
The liver stores glucose as glycogen (&fat)
Muscles store glycogen

27
Q

What happens when blood sugar is low?

A

The Pancreas secretes Glucagon, which makes the liver break Glycogen (& fat) down into Glucose

28
Q

Where does Absorption occur?

A 
The stomach (medications, alcohol)
Most happens in the Small Intestine (very high surface area)
    Long & narrow in diameter 
    Entire inner surface is covered in villi
Some in the Large Intestine
    Water (to make food more solid)
    Electrolytes & ions
    Vitamins
29
Q

Villi structure

A 
Capillaries 
    Absorbs sugar, and amino acids
Microvilli
    On Epithelial cells
Lacteal
    (Lymph duct) Absorbs fat
30
Q

What is Egestion?

A

When muscle contract (anal sphincters under voluntary control), waste is eliminated

31
Q

How is hunger controlled?

A

The Hypothalmus in the brain. It directs your desire to eat & influences your choices

Several hormones interact w/ the brain to tell it if you need food

32
Q

What are the hormones that interact with the brain? GLP

A

Ghrelin (released by stomach if it’s been empty for a bit) - if the stomach is contracted
Leptin (release by fat cells, makes you feel satisfied)
PYY (released by the small intestine if there’s food in it, slows peristalsis. Makes you feel satisfied)

33
Q

Six different Disorders of the Digestive system UCJGDA

A 
Ulcers: damage to the stomach lining (H. Pylori)
Cirrhosis: damage to the liver tissue
    Alcohol
    Hepatitis
    Viruses
    High fat consumption

Jaundice: failure to break down RBCs (toxin build up)
Gallstones: bile salt build up in the Gallbladder (really high fat diet & genetics)
Diverticulitis: bacteri pockets in the colon
Appendicitis: appendix gets swollen/irritated

Unit Three Grade 11 Biology - Digestion and Excretion (2 decks)

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