excretion 1

Question 1

functions of kidney

Answer 1

maintain blood volume- remove excess
blood pressure- secrete renin
metabolism- gluconeogenisis, erythropoietin, vit D
detoxify

Question 2

layers of glomerular membrane

Answer 2

endothelial layer
basement membrane
capsular layer

Question 3

endothelial layer

Answer 3

highly porous allows for easy filtration

single layer

Question 4

basement membrane

Answer 4

made up of glycoprotein, no cells

negative charge = can repel

Question 5

capsular layer

Answer 5

podocytes

increase filtration capacity

Question 6

cortical nephrons

Answer 6

mostly in cortex

85%

Question 7

JX nephrons

Answer 7

deeper loop of henle- deep into renal pyramids

forms concentrated urine

Question 8

intra-mesangial cells

Answer 8

provide support for glomeruli

secrete substance similar to BM

Question 9

extra-mesangial cells

Answer 9

between afferent and efferent arterioles
respond to hormonal substances
regulate blood flow

Question 10

both types of mesangial cells are

Answer 10

phagocytic in nature

Question 11

factors that effect GFR

Answer 11

capillary pressure
osmotic colloidal pressure
tubular pressure
capillary permeability

Question 12

constriction of efferent

Answer 12

increase resistance of outflow

increase glomerular pressure

Question 13

constriction of afferent

Answer 13

reduction in blood flow
reduction in filtration pressure
reduce GFR

Question 14

afferent and efferent are innervated by the ______ system

Answer 14

sympathetic nervous system

Question 15

which ions are completely reabsorbed?

Answer 15

Na+
Cl-
K+
HCO3-

Question 16

what do Na+ anti porters do?

Answer 16

they reabsorb Na+ and secrete H+

Question 17

PCT cells produce H+ &

Answer 17

release bicarbonate ion into peritubular capillaries

Question 18

Na+ symporter

Answer 18

help reabsorb materials from tubular filtrate

Question 19

facilitated diffusion & passive transport

Answer 19

neither use energy

Question 20

primary active transport

Answer 20

first step requires ATP

Question 21

secondary active transport

Answer 21

second step requires ATP

Question 22

cotransport

Answer 22

1 is transported, other tags along

Question 23

counter transport

Answer 23

1 absorbed, 1 secreted

Question 24

secretion in PCT

Answer 24

secrete H+

secrete organic compounds- penicillin, aspirin, morphine

Question 25

thick descending limb

Answer 25

highly permeable to water

moderately permeable to urea, Na, others

Question 26

thick ascending limb

Answer 26

impermeable to H2O

symporter for reabsorption of Na+, Cl, K

Question 27

DCT

Answer 27

impermeable to water

removal of Na and Cl

Question 28

how is Ca+ actively reabsorbed?

Answer 28

under the influence of parathyroid hormone and vit D

Question 29

transport mechanism

Answer 29

each supporter has an upper limit for how fast it can work

maximum amount of substance that these transport systems can reabsorb per unit time

Question 30

TM for glucose

Answer 30

375 mg/min

Question 31

why glucose in urine of diabetic?

Answer 31

renal threshold is 180 mg/dl

Question 32

ADH & aldosterone w/ maintaining blood vol

Answer 32

water permeability
insertion of aquaporin-2 channels
water reabsorption

main purpose is to increase water reabsorption