Exchange Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three methods of transport in the human body?

A
  1. Diffusion - the passive movement of particles form a high concentration to a low concentration until equilibrium through a partially permeable membrane. Follows the concentration gradient. Liquids and gases.
  2. Osmosis - the passive net movement of water particles from a dilute to a less dilution concentration through a partially permeable membrane until equilibrium. Follows conc. gradient. Water only.
  3. Active transport - the active movement of particles from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration through a partially permeable membrane. Does not aim for equilibrium. Goes against conc gradient. Mineral ions and glucose.
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2
Q

What are the five main organ systems of the body?

A
  1. Circulatory
  2. Nervous
  3. Digestive
  4. Excretory
  5. Respiratory
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3
Q

Explain the importance of a small surface area to volume ratio.

A

Large organisms have a small surface area to internal volume ratio b/c diffusion only through the external surface area would be too slow to deal with their requirements.

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4
Q

How are alveoli adapted to ensure efficient gaseous exchange? (3)

A
  1. Elastic recoil and expansion - after inhaling both the surface area and the volume increase, allowing more oxygen to be taken in.
  2. Receive a very rich blood supply (fast blood flow) - allows oxygen to be released into the bloodstream and the absorption of carbon dioxide into the alveoli to be released as waste.
  3. Thin cell membrane - ensures a short diffusion distance and therefore efficient gaseous exchange.
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5
Q

How are villi adapted to their function?

A

Finger-like protrusions in small intestine - increases surface area to volume ratio for more efficient active transport

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6
Q

Name and describe the function of the organelles of an animal cell.

A
  1. Partially permeable cell membrane - allows particular sized substances in and out of the cell.
  2. Nucleus - contains genetic material of the cell, which codes for its functions. Site of transcription.
  3. Ribosome - location of protein synthesis.
  4. Cytoplasm - Site of anaerobic respiration and key metabolic reactions.
  5. Mitochondria - sight of aerobic respiration.
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7
Q

Describe the process of hemolysis.

A
  1. Once a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution (solution with low solute concentration), water molecules diffuse into the cell.
  2. This causes it to swell and burst (turgid), releasing substances like hemoglobin into the bloodstream.
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8
Q

Describe the process of crenation.

A
  1. When a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution (solution with higher solute concentration), osmotic pressure causes the water molecules to diffuse out of the cell.
  2. This causes the cell to shrink or become crenated.
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9
Q

What happens when a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution?

A
  1. Isotonic solution = when the outside and inside concentrations are equal.
  2. There is no net movement of particles b/c equilibrium has already been achieved.
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10
Q

How can hemolysis and crenation be prevented?

A

Active transport can be controlled by carrier proteins in the partially permeable membrane.

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