exchange surfaces and breathing key definitiosn

Question 1

surface area to volume ratio

Answer 1

the surface area of an organism divided by its volume and expressed as a ratio

Question 2

alveoli

Answer 2

tiny folds in the lung epithelium to increase surface area

Question 3

bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 3

smaller airways leading to the lungs

Question 4

diaphragm

Answer 4

a layer of muscle beneath the lungs

Question 5

intercostal muscles

Answer 5

muscles between the ribs, contraction of the external intercostal muscles raises the ribcage whereas contraction of the internal intercostal muscles decreases the volume of the ribcage

Question 6

trachea

Answer 6

the main airway leading from the back of the mouth to the lungs

Question 7

ventilation

Answer 7

the refreshing of air in the lungs so that there is a higher oxygen concentration than in the blood and a lower carbon dioxide concentration

Question 8

cartilage

Answer 8

a form of connective tissue

Question 9

ciliated epithelium

Answer 9

a layer of cells that have many hair-like extensions called cilia

Question 10

elastic fibres

Answer 10

protein fibres that can deform and then recoil to their original size

Question 11

goblet cells

Answer 11

cells that secret mucus

Question 12

smooth muscle

Answer 12

involuntary muscle that contracts without the need for conscious thought

Question 13

breathing rate

Answer 13

the number of breaths per minute

Question 14

oxygen uptake

Answer 14

the volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute

Question 15

tidal volume

Answer 15

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath measured at rest

Question 16

spirometer

Answer 16

a device that can measure the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Question 17

vital capacity

Answer 17

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath

Question 18

buccal cavity

Answer 18

the mouth

Question 19

countercurrent flow

Answer 19

where two fluids flow in the opposite directions

Question 20

filaments

Answer 20

slender branches of tissue that make up the gill, they are often called the primary lamellae

Question 21

lamellae

Answer 21

fold of filament to increase surface area they are sometimes called gill plates

Question 22

operculum

Answer 22

a bony flap that covers and protects the gills

Question 23

spiracle

Answer 23

an external opening or pore that allows air in and out of the tracheae

Question 24

tracheal fluid

Answer 24

the fluid found at the ends of the tracheales in the tracheal system

Question 25

tracheal system

Answer 25

a system of air-filled tubes in insects