Exchange Surfaces And Breathing- 3.1 Flashcards
What affects the need for specialised exchange surfaces ?
-whether the organism is single-celled or multicellular - in single-celled organism the cytoplasm is very close to the environment in which they live. So diffusion will be able to supply enough oxygen and nutrients. In multicellular organisms there is a much longer diffusion pathway as the organism may have several layers of cells, so diffusion will be too slow.
-surface area to volume ratio-small organisms will have a large surface area to volume ratio meaning there surface area is large enough to supply all their cells with sufficient oxygen. Large organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio
-metabolic activity- the need for energy is higher in some organisms than in others
What is the equation for surface area to volume ratio?
Ratio= surface area / volume
What is the equation for surface area?
SA= (length x height ) number of sides
What is the equation for volume?
Volume= length x height x depth
What are the features of an efficient gas exchange system?
-a large surface area - to provide more space for molecules to pass through. For example by folding the walls and membranes involved e.g. in root hair cells
-a thin barrier- to reduce diffusion distance and that is permeable to the substances being exchanged. E.g. in the alveoli
-a good blood supply and ventilation -in order to maintain concentration gradient. E.g. in gills or in the alveolus
What are the mechanics behind inspiration (inhaling)?
1-the diaphragm contracts to move down and become flatter, this displaces the digestive organs downwards
2-the external intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs
3-the volume of the chest cavity is increased
4-the pressure in the chest cavity drops below atmospheric pressure
5-air is moved into the lungs
What are the mechanics behind expiration (exhaling)?
1- the diaphragm relaxes and is pushed up by the displaced organs underneath
2-the external intercostal muscles relax and the ribs fall (the internal intercostal muscles can contract to help push air out more forcefully e.g. during exercise, coughing and sneezing)
3-the volume of chest cavity is decreased
4-pressure in the lungs increases and rises above the pressure in the surrounding atmosphere
5-air is moved out of lungs
What is the bucal cavity in a fish?
The mouth
What is a countercurrent flow?
When 2 fluids flow in opposite directions
What are gill filaments in a fish?
—often called primary lamellae
-slender branches of tissue that make up the gill
-each gill consists of 2 rows of gill filaments attached to the bony arch
-filaments are very thin and their surface is folded into many secondary lamellae
What are (secondary) lamellae?
-also called gill plates
-folds of the filament to increase surface area
What is the operculum in a fish?
A bony flap that covers and protects the gills
Describe countercurrent flow?
-blood flows along the gill arch and out along the filaments to the secondary lamellae
-the blood then flows through capillaries in the oposite direction to the flow of the water over the lamellae
-this creates a countercurrent flow that absorbs the maximum amount of oxygen from the water
Describe how changes in the volume of the buccal cavity can help ventilation?
-the buccal cavity can change volume
-the floor of the mouth moves downwards ,drawing water into the buccal cavity
-the mouth closes and the floor is raised again pushing water through the gills
-movements of the operculum are coordinated with the movements of the buccal cavity- as water is pushed from the buccal cavity ,the operculum moves outwards
-this movement reduces pressure in the opercular cavity (the space under the operculum) this helps water to flow through the gills
How is the circulatory system in an insect?
-they do not transport oxygen in blood
-they have an open circulatory system in which the body fluid acts as both blood and tissue fluid
-circulation is slow and can be affected by body movement