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Biology OCR module 3 > Exchange surfaces and breathing > Flashcards

Exchange surfaces and breathing Flashcards

Module 3 (3.1 - 3.1.4)

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where are the LUNGS located?

A

IN the chest cavity in front of the heart and behind the ribs.

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2
Q

What surrounds the lungs?

A

Rib cage

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3
Q

What produces a lubricating substance around the lungs during breathing?

A

Lungs

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4
Q

What muscles are found in the lungs?

A

Internal and external intercostal muscles

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5
Q

How do lungs work? (Mechanism simplified) (air flow)

A

Air enters:

1) through nose -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles

2) trachea/bronchi/bronchioles enable flow of air in/out lungs

3) airway held open with INCOMPLETE rings of cartilage in trachea.

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6
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

They contract

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7
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

They relax

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8
Q

What happens to the ribs during inspiration?

A

They raise up

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9
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

It contracts and flattens

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10
Q

What is the effect of inspiration on thoracic volume?

A

It increases

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11
Q

What is the effect of inspiration on pressure in the thorax?

A

It lowers

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12
Q

What does the lowering of pressure during inspiration cause?

A

It creates a gradient for airflow into the lungs

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13
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during expiration?

A

They CONTRACT

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14
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during expiration?

A

They RELAX

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15
Q

What happens to the ribs during expiration?

A

What happens to the ribs during expiration?

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16
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

It relaxes and raises up

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17
Q

What occurs to the thorax volume during expiration?

A

It decreases

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18
Q

What happens to the pressure in the thorax during expiration?

A

It increases

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19
Q

What is the result of the increased pressure in the thorax during expiration?

A

Forces air OUT of the lungs

20
Q

Cartilage

A

Supports trachea/bronchi, prevents lung collapse during exhalation

21
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

Moves mucus in airways to prevent lung infections Cells with hair-like structures that help move mucus and trap particles

22
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus to trap bacteria/dust, reduce infection risk Cells that secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the respiratory tract

23
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Contracts to control airway diameter and airflow to alveoli

24
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Stretch/recoil to control airflow in lungs

25
Q

Short diffusion distance in alveoli

A

Gases exchange quickly due to thin alveolar walls

26
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

A

Occurs between alveoli and lung capillaries through simple diffusion

27
Q

Alveoli surface area

A

480-500 million alveoli provide 40-75 m2 for gas exchange

28
Q

Extensive capillary network

A

Maintains concentration gradient for efficient gas exchange

29
Q

Gas exchange

A

Process of exchanging gases, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, in the body

30
Q

Thorax

A

Collection of organs and tissues in the chest cavity

31
Q

Tissues of gas exchange system

A

Various tissue types adapted for specific functions in the respiratory system

32
Q

Tracheal rings

A

Rings of cartilage along the trachea that support and maintain its shape

33
Q

Trachea

A

Airway channel that carries air to the lungs

34
Q

Bronchi

A

Airway tubes branching off the trachea, leading to the lungs

35
Q

Bronchioles

A

Small airway tubes in the lungs that lack cartilage support

36
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs

37
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum air volume in/out in one breath

38
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air in/out during normal breathing

39
Q

Breathing rate

A

Number of breaths per minute

40
Q

Oxygen uptake

A

Volume of oxygen used in a given time

41
Q

Spirometers

A

Apparatus for measuring breathing

42
Q

Carbon dioxide absorption

A

Removal of CO2 from exhaled air to prevent high concentrations

43
Q

Trace on rotating drum

A

Record of breathing patterns drawn during spirometry

44
Q

Residual volume

A

Small amount of air always retained in the lungs

45
Q

Digital graph

A

Visual representation of breathing patterns on a computer

Biology OCR module 3 (7 decks)

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