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biology (y1) > exchange surfaces > Flashcards

exchange surfaces Flashcards

1
Q

what does a peak flow meter do

A

measures the rate at which ir can be expelled from the lungs

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2
Q

how does a vitalograph work

A

patient breathes out as quickly as they can

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3
Q

what is a spirometer

A

used to measure different aspects of lung volume

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4
Q

define tidal volume

A

volume of air that moves into and out the lungs at rest

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5
Q

define vital capacity

A

volume of air breathed in when the strongest possible exhalation is followed by the deepest intake of breath

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6
Q

define inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume of air you can breathe in over and above a normal inhalation

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7
Q

define expiratory reserve volume

A

extra amount of air you can force out

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8
Q

define residual volume

A

volume of air left in the lungs when you’ve exhaled as hard as possible

can’t be measured directly

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9
Q

define total lung capacity

A

sum of vital capacity and the residual volume

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10
Q

how do we find the ventilation rate

A

tidal volume x breathing rate

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11
Q

what stops gaseous exchange in insects

A

their exoskeleton

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12
Q

where are spiracles

A

along the thorax and abdomen

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13
Q

how can water loss be minimised in insect tracheal system

A

closed spiracles using sphincters

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14
Q

what lines the trachea

why

A

chitin

keeps them open if bent or pressed

impermeable so gaseous exchange doesn’t take place here

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15
Q

what’s towards the end of tracheoles

A

tracheal fluid

limits the penetration of air for diffusion

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16
Q

how does less moisture affect the tracheal system in insects

A

exposes more surface area for gaseous exchange

17
Q

describe the mechanisms of mechanical ventilation of the tracheal system

A

air is actively pumped into the system by muscular pumping movements of the thorax and/or abdomen

these movements change the volume of the body which changes the pressure

18
Q

describe collapsible enlarged trachea or air sacs

A

act as air reservoirs

used to increase the amount of air moved through the gas exchange system

19
Q

how are gills adapted to be an efficient gaseous exchange system

A

large SA

good blood supply

thin layers

20
Q

what is the operculum

A

covers the gills

21
Q

what does a the efferent blood vessel do

A

carries blood leaving gills in the opposite direction of water

maintains a steep conc gradient

22
Q

describe the processes of water moving into the fish

A

mouth opens and floor of buccal cavity lowers

increases the vol (decrease pressure)
so water moves into the b. cavity

the opercular valve shuts and the opercular cavity expends (lowers the pressure)

floor of buccal cavity moves up so water moves over the gills

the mouth closes and the operculum opens and the sides of the opercular cavity move inward
(increases the pressure)

forcing water out the gills
the floor of the buccal cavity moves steadily up to maintain flow of water

23
Q

what are features of efficient gaseous exchange in water

A

tips of adjacent gill filaments overlap
which increases the resistance to water flow, so more time for g. exchange

blood and water flow in opposite directions (countercurrent) (maintain steep conc gradient)

24
Q

what is the open body cavity called

what is low here

A

haemocoel

low pressure

25
Q

what is insect blood called

what does it carry

A

haemolymph

transports food and nitrogenous waste products

26
Q

what is the heart’s structure in an insects

A

extends along the length of the thorax and abdomen

27
Q

what is a downside to the open circulatory system in insects

A

steep diffusion rates can’t be maintained

amount of haemolymph flowing cannot be varied to meet changing demands

28
Q

describe a single circulatory system

A

blood travels once through the heart for each complete circulation

29
Q

what is a downside to single closed circulatory system

A

blood passes through two sets of capillaries before returning to the heart

after the second, blood pressure drops so blood returns to the heart slowly

30
Q

describe a double circulatory system

A

blood travels to twice through the heart for each circuit of the body

31
Q

describe the proportion of elastin, smooth muscle and collagen in arteries

A

lots of elastin and smooth muscle

less collagen

32
Q

describe the proportion of elastin, smooth muscle and collagen in veins

A

more collagen, then muscle then elastin

these proportions decrease as you go further away from the heart

33
Q

how do substances in the plasma pass through capillary walls

A

through fenestrationsn

34
Q

define oncotic pressure

what is its value

A

tendency of water to move into the blood

-3.3 kPa

35
Q

at the arterial end of the capillary, what is present and what is its value

A

hydrostatic pressure

4.6 kPa

36
Q

what is higher at the arterial end

what does this result in

A

hydrostatic pressure is higher than oncotic pressure

so fluid is squeezed out the capillaries

37
Q

what happens as the venous end

A

hydrostatic press down to ~2.3 kPa as fluid has moved out and pulse is lost

oncotic pressure is still -3.3 kPa so it is stronger than hydrostatic pressure

so water moves into capillaries by osmosis

38
Q

what happens to the 10% of tissue fluid that doesn’t return to capillaries

A

becomes lymph

contains fatty acids

the fluid is transported by squeezing of the body muscles

has valves

eventually lymph returns to the blood flowing into the right and left subclavian veins

39
Q

what happens in lymph nodes

A

lymphocytes build up which pass into the blood

lymph nodes intercept bacteria and other debris

enlarged lymph nodes are a sign the body is fighting off an invading pathogens

biology (y1) (7 decks)

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