Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio Module 3 > Exchange Surfaces > Flashcards

Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organism with a high metabolic rate tend to be:

A

Larger organisms
More active organisms
Organisms that need to stay warm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The amount of energy transferred by that organism within a given period of times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the features of effective exchange surfaces?

A

Thin barrier: short diffusion distance, barrier must be permeable

Large SA: provides more space for molecules to pass through

Steep conc. gradient: good blood supply and ventilation required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the alveolar walls made of?

A

The alveolar walls are made of squamous epithelium and high consists of flattened cells, one cell thick.

This reduces the diffusion distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why are alveoli coated in lung surfactant?

A

Lung surfactant reduces cohesion between water molecules, preventing the alveoli from collapsing and increasing SA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do alveoli contain elastin fibres?

A

The elastin fibres allows them to:

Stretch - increasing SA

Recoil - helping to force air out, maintaining concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are alveoli ventilated?

A

They are ventilated to constantly supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

This maintains the concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the route of an oxygen molecule from the air outside the body into the blood?

A

Nose/mouth
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of membrane are each of the lungs enclosed in?

A

Each of the lungs are enclosed in a double membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the double membrane enclosing the lungs called?

A

The pleural membrane

This is the membrane that encloses each lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the space between the two membranes called?

A

The pleural cavity is the space between the two membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pleural cavity filled with?

A

The pleural cavity is filled with pleural fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of pleural fluid?

A

Pleural fluid lubricates the lungs.

It also adheres to the outer walls of the lungs to help the thoracic (chest) cavity by water cohesion so that the lungs expand with the chest while breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three main features of the nasal cavity?

A

Large surface area and good blood supply

Hairy lining

Moist surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does the nasal cavity need a large surface area and blood supply?

A

It needs a large surface area and good blood supply in order to warm the air as it passes into the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does the nasal cavity need a hairy lining?

A

The hairs in the hair lining trap dust and bacteria in mucus preventing them from reaching the lungs which could cause infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does the nasal cavity need to have moist surfaces?

A

Moist surfaces in the nasal cavity increase the humidity of the incoming air, this reduces the evaporation of water in the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells?

A

These cells line the trachea to the bronchi.

Each cells has tiny cilia which sweep mucus,dust and bacteria up and away from the lungs to the mouth where they are swallowed and digested.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Embedded throughout ciliated epithelium and are mucus-producing cells

The mucus they produce traps dust and microorganisms

20
Q

What is the function of mucous glands?

A

The mucous glands work with goblet cells in the trachea and bronchi to produce mucus

21
Q

What is the role of cartilage?

A

Rings of cartilage line the trachea
and windpipe.

Cartilage is a strong and flexible tissue and is essential in keeping the trachea open. Cartilage is able to move and flex as we breathe.

22
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

Smooth muscle is a muscle that isn’t under conscious control found in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

It helps regulate the flow of air into and out of the lungs by dilating when air is needed.

23
Q

What is the function of elastic fibres?

A

Elastic fibres are found in the squamous epithelium of the alveolar walls

They allow the tiny alveoli to stretch as they fill with air and recoil to force it out

These elastic abilities of the alveoli are what gives them a large surface area.

24
Q

What is the function of squamous epithelium?

A

The squamous epithelium consists of flat, thin cells in the walls of the alveoli

Their thinness means that oxygen and carbon dioxide have a short diffusion pathway during gas exchange.

25
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In between the lungs in the centre of the thorax (chest)

26
Q

What tissue is the heart mainly made up of?

A

The heart mainly consists of cardiac muscle tissue which like smooth muscle contracts involuntarily

27
Q

What is cardiac muscle made up of?

A

Cardiac muscle is made up of cells that are connected by cytoplasmic bridges. This enable electrical impulses to pass through the tissue.

28
Q

Explain how the alveoli create a surface for efficient gas exchange.

(5 marks)

A

Alveolar wall is one cell thick for shorter diffusion pathway

Large number of alveoli increase SA

squamous epithelial cells create short diffusion distance

Elastic to expel air - helps ventilation

(Cells) secrete surfactant to maintain SA

29
Q

What happens when we breathe in?

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens

External intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out

Thoracic (chest) volume increases whilst thoracic pressure decreases

Air flows into lungs to equalise pressure difference

30
Q

What happens when we breathe out?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and curves up

External intercostal muscles relax moving the ribcage down and in

Thoracic (chest) volume decreases whilst pressure increases

Air flows out of lungs to equalise pressure difference

31
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each resting breath

15% of the vital capacity

32
Q

What is vital lung capacity?

A

The largest volume of air that can be breathed out

(When strongest inhale is followed by strongest exhale)

33
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air you can inhale.

Whereas the expiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air you can force out of your lungs.

34
Q

What are the adaptations of erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave shape to increase SA

Large amount of haemoglobin to transport oxygen

No nucleus or organelles to maximise space for haemoglobin

35
Q

How is oxygen transferred into the blood at the gills of a fish?

A

Blood and water flow in a countercurrent system with a greater concentration gradient between them at the start of the gill lamellae

36
Q

What happens during exhalation in mammals?

A

Ribcage moves down and inwards

External intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax

37
Q

Rank the affinity for oxygen out of adult haemoglobin, myoglobin and fetal haemoglobin

A

1) myoglobin - highest affinity
2) fetal haemoglobin - 2nd highest
3) adult haemoglobin - lowest

38
Q

Why don’t large multicellular plants need a transport system for carbon dioxide and oxygen?

A

Plant cells have a low metabolic rate

39
Q

What creates the ‘lub’ sound in the heart?

A

The atrioventricular valves closing and blood leaving the ventricles during the start of ventricular systole.

40
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

Hydrogen carbonate ions moving out of red blood cells and chloride ions moving into red blood cells

41
Q

Why does diastole follow systole in the mammalian heart?

A

Cardiac muscle takes a short time to repolarise after being stimulated

42
Q

How are blood vessels adapted to their function?

A

The walls of the arteries contain a lot of elastic fibres so they can stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure

The walls of the venules consist of little muscle

43
Q

Why do small organisms such as amoeba not need a specialised exchange surface?

A

They have a relatively low metabolic rates

Large S.A : volume ratio

Short diffusion distance so simple diffusion is enough to meet their needs

44
Q

Why do larger organisms need specialised exchange systems?

A

They have a high metabolic rate
Small surface area : volume ratio
Larger diffusion distance

45
Q

What makes up the trachea?

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage for support

Ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

Smooth muscle so lumen in trachea can contract and dilate

46
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

The trachea splits into 2 tubes called bronchi

These split into many smaller tubes called bronchioles

Both bronchi and bronchioles have cartilage within their walls for support

Bio Module 3 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions