Exchange rate 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The investment and depreciation schedule is prepared This table includes all investment data. The prices should be expressed in nominal terms. This table serves two purposes.

A

The first is to determine the depreciation expense that will be included in the income tax statement that is used to determine the income tax liability.

The second purpose is to develop residual values for the project’s assets. These are typically based on economic rates of depreciation for depreciable assets.

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2
Q

The economic rate of depreciation will be applied to the value of the asset in the year it

A

was acquired

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3
Q

The financing schedule typically includes all the loans by date of disbursement. Repayments of financing cost are estimated using

A

nominal interest rates

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4
Q

The loan and repayment flows are then converted into

domestic currency using the

A

nominal exchange rates.

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5
Q

If the project is to pay taxes,

A

First, an income statement construct

second cash flow statement construct

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6
Q

income tax statement include

A
  1. costs of goods sold,
  2. depreciation and amortization expenses,
  3. overheads,
  4. interest expense
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7
Q

cash inflows or reciepts

A

sales,
accounts receivable
residual values of the project’s assets

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8
Q

All receipts

A

inclusive of VAT and other sales taxes are added up for each year to determine annual cash inflows

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9
Q

All expenditures are

A

added up for each year to determine annual cash outflows.

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10
Q

Nominal expenditures are broken down into X and included in the cash flow statement. If the project is
using any existing assets the Y of these assets should be included with the investment expenditures.

A

investment expenditures and operating expenditures

opportunity cost

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11
Q

VAT paid on purchases

A

can be claimed as input tax credit

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12
Q

the amount of VAT collected in excess of input tax credit should be

A

deducted as a cash outflow from the project

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13
Q

from the owner’s point of view is constructed
by adding the X as inflows and Y as outflows to the cash flow statement estimated from the viewpoint of total invested capital

A

debt

interest and principal repayment

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14
Q

The increased investment expense has three effects

A

First, it increases the interest costs of the project.

Second, it increases the nominal amount of loan principal (50% of nominal investment costs) which must be repaid by the project.

Finally, it results in a larger nominal depreciable expense that will be deductible from future taxes

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15
Q

investment financing normally take place

A

in year 0 and sometimes in year 1 also

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16
Q

A commercial enterprise will need to maintain an amount of cash on hand that is related to the

A

value of sales and purchases they carry out.

17
Q

an “inflation tax” on cash holdings

A

The resulting loss in the purchasing power of cash balances is referred to

18
Q

project evaluators should incorporate a number of inflation projections in order to determine the

A

sensitivity of total costs to the impact of inflation on the cost of holding the desired level of real cash balances.

19
Q

In the inflation condition, the PV fall because

A

inflation causes the real value of outstanding trade credit to fall

20
Q

In the inflation condition, account receivables

and account payables condition

A

1 try to reduce length: othereise increase of selling price.

2 try to more delay or increase length: real value of the obligation is falling during the period of time prior to the payment.

21
Q

nominal value of purchase in time of inflation

22
Q

ACC payable nominal expenditures

A

purchase + change in account payable

23
Q

ACC real expenditure

A

nominal expenditure / PI

24
Q

inflation reduces the future value of both the

A

loan repayments and real interest rate payments

25
real cash flow without inflation loan
loan principal + interest + repayment
26
the higher nominal interest rate increases the but decreases the
cash outflows, | value of the principal that is due at the end of the project
27
effect of inflation on tax
the higher interest payments shown in the previous section ( in condition without inflation) increase the amount of tax deduction. Second, inflation reduces the value of the depreciation allowances taken for earlier investments in the project and tax saving fall. Finally, the method used to account for inventory has an effect on the nominal earnings that are used to determine the taxable income
28
interest payments are deductible from income for the calculation of taxes, while principal repayments are
not deductible
29
The higher nominal interest payments are
deductible from taxable income, hence they serve to reduce the amount of taxes
30
The higher nominal interest rate and higher inflation forces the project to
repay its loans faster than if the inflation rate and nominal interest rates were lower but PV remain same
31
Real Tax Savings without inflation
dep for each period * tax rate
32
a first-in-first-out basis (FIFO)
price of the oldest inventories (first in) is the value which is used to determine the cost of the goods sold (COGS).
33
This means that the difference between the X | and Y the is the taxable revenue from the project.
COGS | sale price
34
sale prices are affected immediately by the rate of inflation, while the X from inventories are valued using prices of a previous period when the nominal prices were presumably lower.
costs of goods sold
35
Comparing the effects of inflation on the tax liability in the FIFO and LIFO accounting systems, we see that in both cases, inflation
increased the taxes
36
Using FIFO, inflation increased the taxes in X period, whereas using LIFO results in no increase in taxes in the Y but in a larger tax liability in the z
each production period last sales period
37
Using LIFO could increase the X associated with the project in a high inflation environment if the reason for the enterprise wanting to Y was financial stress or business slow down
overall risk | lower the level of inventories