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Biology GCSE > exchange and transport in animals > Flashcards

exchange and transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

why do multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces

A

multicellular organisms have a smaller surface area to volume ratio - this makes it harder to the exchange enough substances to supply their entire volume using their outside surface area
they need an exchange surface therefore for efficient diffusion as well as a mass transport system

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2
Q

surface area (formula)

A

2((l x w) + (w x h) + (h x l))

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3
Q

volume (formula)

A

l x w x h

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4
Q

surface area : volume ratio

A

divide both sides of the ratio by the volume to simplify

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5
Q

what happens in the alveoli

A

gas exchange in mammals
blood arrives at the alveoli from the rest of the body with a high concentration of CO2 and a low concentration of O2
this maximises the concentration gradient for the diffusion of both gases
O2 diffuses out of the air and into the blood
CO2 diffuses out of the blood and into the air to be breathed out

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6
Q

what are 3 adaptations of the alveoli

A

good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
one cell thick walls minimises diffusion distance
large surface area

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7
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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8
Q

what 3 factors affect rate of diffusion

A

diffusion distance
concentration gradient
surface area

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9
Q

how does diffusion distance affect rate of diffusion

A

the shorter the distance that substances have to travel, the greater the rate of diffusion

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10
Q

how does concentration gradient affect rate of diffusion

A

the greater the concentration gradient, the higher the rate of diffusion

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11
Q

how does surface area affect the rate of diffusion

A

the larger the surface area for particles to move across, the greater the rate of diffusion

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12
Q

Fick’s law

A

describes the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the factors affecting it

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13
Q

Fick’s law formula

A

rate ‘∝’ surface area x concentration gradient / diffusion distance

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14
Q

respiration

A

the process of transferring/releasing energy from the breakdown of organic compounds, generally glucose

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15
Q

what kind of reaction is respiration

A

exothermic , transferring energy to the environment

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16
Q

what is energy from respiration used for

A

metabolic processes such as protein synthesis
contracting muscles
maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation)

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17
Q

aerobic respiration

A

respiration using oxygen

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18
Q

symbol equation aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

19
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without oxygen

20
Q

word equation anaerobic respiration animals

A

glucose -> lactic acid

21
Q

word equation anaerobic respiration (plants/yeast)

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

22
Q

respirometer

A

a piece of equipment that allows you to measure the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration

23
Q

method to investigate the uptake of oxygen in a given time to work out the rate of respiration

A

1) add soda lime granules to both test tubes to absorb CO2 produced by the respiring insects (or cotton wool soaked in potassium hydroxide solution)
2) insects are placed on the cotton wool in one tube and the same mass of glass beads on cotton wool on cotton wool in the other tube
3) set up respirometer
4) syringe is used to set the fluid in the MANOMETER to a known level
5) leave apparatus for a set amount of time with the water bath at 15°C
6) the distance moved by the liquid in the given time is measured and can be used to calculate the volume of oxygen taken in by the insects per minute
7) repeat at different temperatures

24
Q

why does the manometer move

A

in the time that the apparatus is left, there will be a decrease in the volume of air in the test tube containing the eggs as they will have used up oxygen as they respire
this decreases the pressure in the tube, causing the manometer fluid to move towards the insect test tube

25
Q

what are the 4 parts of the blood

A

erythrocytes
white blood cells - phagocytes and lymphocytes
platelets
plasma

26
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all other cells in the body

27
Q

adaptations of erythrocytes

A

biconcave disc shape - increases surface area for absorbing oxygen
no nucleus - increases room for carrying more oxygen
contain haemoglobin - binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin which then splits up at the cells

28
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cells that change shape to engulf unwanted microorganisms - PHAGOCYTOSIS

29
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that produce antibodies against microorganisms
some produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins made my microorganisms

30
Q

platelets

A

small fragments of cell

help the blood to clot at a wound, preventing all the blood from pouring out and microorganisms from entering

31
Q

what happens if you have a shortage of platelets

A

can lead to excessive bleeding and bruising

32
Q

plasma

A

a pale straw-coloured liquid that carries everything in the blood

33
Q

what are 9 things carried by the plasma

A 
erythrocytes
white blood cells
platelets
nutrients (soluble products of digestion such as glucose and amino acids)
CO2
urea
hormones
proteins
antibodies/antitoxins
34
Q

3 types of blood vessel

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

35
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

arteries branch into capillaries

36
Q

capillaries (role)

A

involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

supply food and oxygen and transport waste products away

37
Q

veins

A

carry blood back to the heart

capillaries join back up to form veins

38
Q

structure of an artery (4 points)

A
  • strong, elastic artery walls to cope with blood being pumped out of the heart at a high pressure
  • thick walls compared to the lumen (small lumen)
  • thick layers of muscle make them strong
  • elastic fibres allow the artery walls to stretch and spring back
39
Q

structure of capillaries (3 points)

A
  • very narrow so can squeeze in gaps between cells allowing them to carry blood close to every cell in the body
  • permeable walls for diffusion that are one cell thick
  • very small lumen
40
Q

structure of veins (4 points)

A
  • less thick walls as blood is travelling at a lower pressure
  • larger lumen than arteries to help blood flow despite lower blood pressure
  • thin layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscles
  • valves to prevent backflow
41
Q

how does blood flow through the heart (blood vessels and chambers)

A

vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> TO THE LUNGS -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> TO THE BODY

42
Q

how does the wall of the left and right ventricle differ and why

A

the left ventricle has a much ticker wall than the right ventricle as it has to pump blood around the body at a much higher pressure so needs more muscle

43
Q

cardiac output formula

A

cardiac output (cm^3min^-1) = heart rate x stroke volume (cm^3)

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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