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Science > Exchange and transport in animals > Flashcards

Exchange and transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the SA:V ratio when organisms get bigger?

A

The ratio gets smaller

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2
Q

What does a smaller SA:V ratio mean for organisms?

A

Cannot rely on diffusion and need to have specialised exchange surfaces and transport systems

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3
Q

Where is oxygen exchanged and why?

A

In the alveoli in the lungs; needed for respiration

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4
Q

Where is carbon dioxide exchanged and why?

A

Alveoli in lungs; waste product of metabolism

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5
Q

Where is water exchanged and why?

A

Nephrons in kidney; needed for cells to function properly

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6
Q

Where are dissolved food molecules exchanged and why?

A

Small intestine; needed for respiration

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7
Q

Where are mineral ions exchanged and why?

A

Small intestine; needed for cells to function properly

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8
Q

Where is urea exchanged and why?

A

Nephrons in kidney; waste of metabolism

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9
Q

Why do flatworms does not have a transport or exchange system?

A

Flatworm is very thin and flat so has a large SA:V ratio and so diffusion occurs at a much greater distance

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10
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • SA (larger SA, faster diffusion)
  • Concentration gradient (bigger difference in concentration, faster diffusion)
  • Distance to move (substances move more quickly if they haven’t got far to move)
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11
Q

What does Fick’s law state?

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ (SA X Concentration difference)/Thickness of membrane

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12
Q

What does a.u. stand for?

A

Arbitrary units

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13
Q

Describe gas exchange in the alveoli

A
  • Air breathed in
  • CO2 in blood from body produced by respiring cells and very little O2
  • O2 diffuses across capillary membrane out of alveolus and enters red blood cells
  • O2 carried round the body in red blood cells
  • Body cells use up O2 in respiration
  • Body cells produce CO2 in respiration and is carried to the lungs
  • CO2 diffuses into the alveolus and is breathed out
  • Air breathed out
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14
Q

Why is the alveoli folded?

A

Increases SA for gas diffusion

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15
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs

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16
Q

Describe how arteries pump blood

A
  • Muscle fibres are stretched
  • They contract and press inwards
  • Helps push blood towards capillaries
  • Stretching and contracting causes pulse which can be felt at wrist and neck
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17
Q

Why do veins only have a thin layer of muscle fibres?

A

For efficient diffusion

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18
Q

What do the valves in the vein do?

A

Stop blood flowing away from the heart

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19
Q

Describe how the valves in veins contribute to blood flow to and from heart

A
  • Open like double doors to let blood flow towards heart

- Close to stop blood flowing away from heart

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20
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A
  • Very small blood vessels

- Very thin walls so substances can go through thin walls of a capillary

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21
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?

A

Veins

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22
Q

Which blood vessels go between the cells of the body?

A

Capillaries

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23
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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24
Q

Describe how the three blood vessels carry blood to and from the heart

A
  • Heart pumps blood into arteries
  • Arteries carry blood away from heart
  • Arteries divide into very thin vessels called capillaries
  • Capillaries go between cells of the body
  • Capillaries join up to make veins
  • Veins have valves in them
  • Veins carry blood back to the heart
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25
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Water + CO2 + Energy

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26
Q

In which blood vessel is the blood pressure the highest?

A

Arteries

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27
Q

What does the relaxation of muscle in arteries reduce?

A

Reduces the variation in blood pressure and males blood flow smoothly

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28
Q

In which blood vessel is the blood pressure the lowest?

A

Veins

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29
Q

Why are capillary walls only 1 cell thick?

A
  • Substances in blood are very close to cells

- Distance for diffusion with cells is as small as possible

30
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

A
  • Vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium
  • Right atrium contracts and forces blood through tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
  • Right ventricle contracts and pumps blood through a valve and into the pulmonary artery
  • Blood flows to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated
  • Blood flows out of lungs into pulmonary vein
  • Blood flows through vein to left atrium
  • Flows through bicuspid valve to ventricle
  • Out of left ventricle to aorta (main artery) and back to body
31
Q

Why is the blood pumped through the heart twice?

A
  • To be filled with O2

- To increase blood pressure as it is low from the pulmonary vein

32
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

One circuit between the lungs and the heart

33
Q

What is the systematic circulation?

A

One circuit between the body and the heart

34
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • Liquid part of the blood
  • Carries blood cells through blood vessels
  • Contains many dissolved substances, such as CO2 and glucose
35
Q

What are white blood cells?

A
  • Larger than red blood cells
  • Have a nucleus
  • Part of the immune system
  • Attacks pathogens in the body
36
Q

What are platelets?

A
  • Fragments of larger cells
  • Prevent blood loss
  • No nucleus
  • Causes blood to clot when blood vessel is damaged
  • Clot blocks wound and prevents pathogens getting into blood
37
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

White blood cells that surround and ingest pathogens and destroy them

38
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells that produce chemical antibodies that attach to pathogens and destroy them

39
Q

How does the structure of a red blood cell relate to its function?

A
  • Contains haemoglobin = carries O2
  • Biconcave shape = large surface area, making it easier for O2 to diffuse into and out of cell
  • No nucleus = cell has room for more haemoglobin to carry more O2
40
Q

What % of the blood is plasma, white blood cells & platelets and red blood cells?

A
  • Plasma = 55%
  • White blood cells and platelets = <1%
  • Red blood cells = 45%
41
Q

Why do the number of lymphocytes increase during infection?

A
  • Pathogens cause infection

- Lymphocytes produce antibodies that attach to antigens on surface of pathogen and destroy them

42
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transports blood cells and digested food

43
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Contains haemoglobin which transports O2 from the lungs to the tissues

44
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A
  • Lymphocytes make antibodies which destroy pathogens

- Phagocytes engulf pathogens

45
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Fragments of cytoplasm that involved in clotting of blood which prevents blood loss and entry of microbes through cuts/wounds

46
Q

How are bacteria destroyed by phagocytes?

A
  • Phagocyte flows around bacteria and engulfs them

- Bacteria enclosed in a vacuole and digested

47
Q

How do phagocytes reach bacteria?

A
  • Blood capillary cut open
  • Phagocytes squeeze through capillary wall
  • Phagocytes surround bacteria and digest them
48
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT = STROKE VOLUME X HEART RATE

49
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped out of blood in one heart beat (left ventricle)

50
Q

What does it mean if a person has a large stroke volume?

A

More O2 can reach their muscles with less effort

51
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart

52
Q

What is heart rate?

A

How fast the heart beats, measured in beats/min

53
Q

What does training/exercise increase?

A

-Size of heart
-Strength of heart muscles
-Force at which heart muscles contract
(All increases stroke volume)

54
Q

What does a larger stroke volume mean for heart rate?

A

The larger the stroke volume, the smaller the increase in heart rate to give the same cardiac output (the heart does not have to beat as fast)

55
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that uses O2 from the air to release energy from glucose which produces CO2 and H2O

56
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

57
Q

What happens to your blood and muscle cells during exercise?

A
  • Muscle cells respire faster so need more O2 and glucose and release more CO2
  • Increased heart rate means blood is pumped faster around the body
  • Blood takes O2 and glucose to cells faster and removes CO2 faster
58
Q

Which respiration releases less energy: anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

59
Q

What is the difference in glucose levels between the two types of respiration?

A
  • Aerobic = glucose broken down completely

- Glucose only partly broken down to lactic acid

60
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

During high intensity exercise

61
Q

What happens to the volume of O2 consumed during high intensity exercise?

A

Increases because of increased aerobic respiration

62
Q

When does anaerobic respiration start?

A

Aerobic respiration increases until O2 cannot reach muscles any faster and so anaerobic starts but aerobic also continues

63
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

GLUCOSE -> LACTIC ACID + SOME ENERGY

64
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

Substance produced during anaerobic respiration that is poisonous and causes cramps

65
Q

How long does a person breathe heavily after exercise?

A

Until all the lactic acid has been broken down by the oxygen (happens in the liver)

66
Q

What is the equation for exercise recovery?

A

LACTIC ACID + OXYGEN -> CO2 + H2O

67
Q

What is EPOC?

A
  • ‘Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption’ = the volume of O2 needed to break down the lactic acid after exercise, also called oxygen debt
  • The amount of O2 needed after exercise has ended compared with resting rate
68
Q

Which respiration type produces an EPOC?

A

Anaerobic

69
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast

70
Q

What are the similarities between the two types of respiration?

A
  • Both involve enzymes
  • Both release energy
  • Both use glucose as a reactant/substrate

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