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Science > Cells and Control > Flashcards

Cells and Control Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which phase does a cell stay for the longest during mitosis?

A

Interphase

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2
Q

What are the stages of mitosis, in order?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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3
Q

Where does mitosis happen?

A

In any cells apart from gametes (sex cells)

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4
Q

What is the name of the cell that divides and its divided products?

A

Parent cell, daughter cells (which are identical to the parent cell)

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5
Q

What happens in the interphase?

A
  • DNA of chromosome duplicates to form 2 chromatids

- Chromosomes now condensed and visible

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6
Q

What happens in the prophase?

A
  • Nuclear membrane starts to disappear

- Spindle fibres appear

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7
Q

What happens in the metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes line up on spindle fibres on equator

- Nuclear membrane now completely gone

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8
Q

What happens in the anaphase?

A
  • Chromatids are separated as are pulled to opposite poles of cell on spindle fibres
  • Each pole now a chromosome
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9
Q

What happens in the telophase?

A

-Membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form nuclei

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10
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A
  • Cytoplasm of cell is separated as cell membranes form around each of them into 2 daughter cells
  • Cell walls form in plant cells
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11
Q

What is an anagram to remember the stages of mitosis?

A 
I
Promised
My
Aunt
To
Camp
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12
Q

What is the name of the group of cells (plant tissue) near the end of each shoot and roots which allow plants to continue growing throughout their lives?

A

Meristems

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13
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process in which changes less specialised cells into more specialised ones to perform a particular function

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14
Q

What is the function of a xylem vessel?

A

It carries water and dissolved mineral salts up the plant

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15
Q

How is a root hair cell different from other types of root cell and how is it adapted to its function?

A

It has a long extension into the soil; this increases the surface area, which helps absorb water and mineral salts

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16
Q

How is the palisade cell adapted to its function?

A
  • It has many more chloroplasts in it than other cells, as they are the main site of photosynthesis
  • Have vacuoles that restrict the chloroplasts to remain on a layer near the outside of the cell where they can be reached by light more easily for photosynthesis
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17
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth, repair and asexual reproduction

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18
Q

What happens if cells divide uncontrollably from mitosis?

A

They form a lump of cells called a tumour, which is worse if these are cancer cells

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19
Q

How do plant cells grow by enlarging after mitosis?

A

Young plant cells have small vacuoles which take in water by osmosis and enlarge

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20
Q

How is the growth of babies checked by percentile charts?

A

By measuring their length/height, head circumference and their weight

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21
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of cell, such as early embryos

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22
Q

What happens after the 8 cell stage in embryonic stem cells?

A

Most of the embryonic cells become specialised and can no longer differentiate. Some will become never, blood, muscle, bone cells, etc

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23
Q

What is the difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells can only make a small number of cell types

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24
Q

What are some uses of embryonic stem cells?

A
  • Replacing or repairing brain cells to treat people with Parkinson’s disease
  • Replacing damaged cells in the retina in the eye to treat some kinds of blindness
  • Growing new tissues in the lab to use for transplants or drug testing
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25
Q

What are some uses of adult stem cells?

A
  • Treatment of leukaemia

- Potentially growing new tissues to match to the patient

26
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells?

A

-Easy to extract and produces most types of cells
BUT
-Embryo is destroyed when cells are removed and so some think they have a right to live (unethical)

27
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of using adult stem cells?

A

-No embryo destroyed (not ethical issue) and if taken from the person to be treated, will not cause rejection by the body
BUT
-Only produces a few types of cell

28
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of all stem cells?

A

-Replaces faulty cells with healthy cells so person is well again
BUT
-There is a risk as some stem cells may not stop dividing, and so cause cancer from tumours

29
Q

What are neurones and what do they do?

A

Nerve cells - process information and control the body

30
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Makes up 80% of the brain (the most important part)
  • Controls and processes body and information
  • Controls personality, our senses, language memory, behaviour and consciousness
31
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance and posture

32
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls your heart rate, your breathing rate and reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing and sneezing

33
Q

What does the medulla oblongata connect?

A

The brain to the spinal cord

34
Q

How does a CT scan to develop an image of the structures in the brain work?

A
  • X-ray beam moves in a circle around the head
  • Detectors measure the absorption of the X-rays
  • Computer uses this info to build up a view of the inside of the body as a series of ‘slices’
35
Q

What does damage to the spinal cord do?

A

Reduces the flow of info between the brain and parts of the body

36
Q

Why can’t stem cells be used to repair the damage caused by a spinal injury?

A

There are no adult stem cells that can differentiate into neurones in the spinal cord, and so new neurones can’t be made to repair the damage

37
Q

How can you remove a tumour?

A

Cut it out or the cells can be killed using radiotherapy and chemo

38
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) do?

A

Control your body using electrical signals called impulses

39
Q

What are the organs in the CNS?

A

The brain, the spinal cord and sensory organs

40
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Anything your body is sensitive to, including changes in your body and in your surroundings

41
Q

What do receptor cells do?

A

Detect stimuli

42
Q

What is neurotransmission?

A

The travelling or transmission of impulse; it happens in neurones (nerve cells)

43
Q

What are effectors?

A

Things that carry out actions, such as muscles and glands (eg. sweat glands)

44
Q

What do synapses do to the speed of neurotransmission?

A

Slow it down; synapses is the point where 2 neurones meet

45
Q

What are reflex actions?

A

Responses that are automatic, extremely quick and protect the body

46
Q

What do reflex arcs do?

A

They bypass the parts of the brain involved in processing info and so are quicker than responses that need processing

47
Q

What are neurones?

A

Specialised cells that carry nervous impulses

48
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurones?

A

Sensory, motor and relay

49
Q

What are the 3 main structures in a neurone?

A

Axon, dendrite and myelin sheath

50
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Carries impulses away from the cell body

51
Q

What is the function of the dendrite?

A

Receives impulses from other neurones

52
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

It is a fatty layer that provides electrical insulation around the neurone

53
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

They carry impulses from receptors to the CNS

54
Q

What is the eye?

A

A sensory receptor that detects light and sends impulses along sensory neurones to the brain

55
Q

What do the cornea and the lens do?

A

They focus the light to form a sharp image on the retina

56
Q

What does the retina contain that helps it detect light and form an image?

A

Receptor cells called rods and cones

57
Q

What does the iris do?

A

It is a ring of muscle that controls the size of the pupil

58
Q

What does your eye do when you focus on a near object?

A
  • Ciliary muscle contract
  • Suspensory ligaments become slack
  • Lens becomes rounded
  • Image focused on the retina
59
Q

When do cataracts occur?

A

When the lens goes cloudy (opacity = cloud formation); as a result, light can’t get through it properly

60
Q

What happens in colour blindness?

A

Normal eye - 3 types of cone cell that detects red, green and blue light
Colour blindness - when at least 1 type of cone cell is missing or does not work properly

61
Q

Describe the steps of laser eye surgery

A
  • Anesthetic drop on eye
  • Create flap
  • Laser reshapes
  • Close flap
  • Eye heals itself
62
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Usually caused by an imperfectly shaped cornea which causes the light to be refracted by different amounts in different planes

Science (23 decks)

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