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Fundamentals Of Biology > Exchange And Transport > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the waxy cuticle of the leaf?

A

Waterproof to reduce evaporation of water

Transparent to allow light through

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2
Q

Structure of the upper epidermis of the leaf?

A

Thin (only one layer) and transparent to allow light through

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3
Q

Structure of palisade cells in the leaf?

A

Many chloroplasts packed tightly at the top of the leaf

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4
Q

Structure of the vein of the leaf?

A

Contains xylem and phloem

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5
Q

Structure of lower epidermis of the leaf?

A

Contains guard cells which open and close the stomata to allow gas exchange

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6
Q

Structure of spongy mesophyll cells in the leaf?

A

Irregular shaped cells with large surface area with air spaces between to allow gases to reach all cells

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7
Q

Structure and function of plant root?

A

Absorbs water and minerals

Lots of root hair cells to increase surface area

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8
Q

Osmosis definition?

A

The diffusion of water molecules from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential through a partially permeable membrane

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9
Q

Equilibrium definition in regards to osmosis?

A

Equal movement of water molecules in both direction, so no net movement

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10
Q

Water potential definition?

A

The pressure exerted by water molecules that are free to move in a system and so their tendency to move by osmosis

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11
Q

What is the kPa of pure water?

A

0, the highest possible water potential

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12
Q

What does water in the root need to go through to get the the xylem?

A

Epidermis, cortex, endodermis

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13
Q

Two water pathways in roots?

A

Apoplast and symplast

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14
Q

What does the apoplast pathway consist of?

A

Everything external to the plasma membrane of the living cells (cell walls and air spaces)

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15
Q

What does the symplast pathway consist of?

A

Cytosol and plasmodesmata

Through cell membranes

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16
Q

What is the casparian strip?

A

A waterproof strip in the endodermis made of Suberin. Blocks the apoplast pathway

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17
Q

How does water move past the casparian strip?

A

Moves inside the cells

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18
Q

How does water finally get into the xylem?

A

Water follows the lower water potential in the xylem to dilute it from the minerals

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19
Q

Structure of the xylem?

A

Cell walls contain lignin which is waterproof so cells die
End cell walls and cell contents decay creating a thin continuous tube
Lignin keeps the xylem strengthened

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20
Q

Function of bordered pits in xylem?

A

Lets water out of xylem sideways if needed

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21
Q

How does water move up the xylem?

A

Tension- as water evaporates from the leaf through the stomata the water in the leaf cell must be replaced from the xylem (transpiration pull)
Cohesion- water molecules are polar and attracted to each other forming hydrogen bonds allowing a continuous column of water
Adhesion- water molecules bond to sides of xylem which helps pull water up the stem as gravity is reduced
Root pressure- active transport of minerals into xylem water follows by osmosis. This pressure forces water upwards

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22
Q

Transpiration meaning?

A

Movement of water out of leaves

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23
Q

Guard cell function?

A

Controls water leaving the plant. Open and closes stomata by swelling when turgid

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24
Q

Transpiration process?

A

ATP used to transport potassium ions into guard cells lowing water potential
Water moves in by osmosis
Guard cells swell and open stomata

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25
Factors affecting transpiration?
Stomata being open in response to light and low co2 levels Stomata closing in response to drought Temperature, high increase evaporation from stomata Wind speed, wind blows water vapour away lowing water potential in surrounding air Humidity, water vapour will increase in surrounding air so water will not diffuse out
26
What is a xerophyte?
A species of plant that is designed to deal with very little water
27
How are xerophytes adapted?
Rolled leaves to trap air, increasing humid and water potential in surround air Extremely thick waxy cuticle Reduced number of stomata Stomata are in sunken pits reducing air movement Lower epidermis have tiny hairs (trichomes) to trap moisture Densely packed mesophyll so smaller surface area for evaporation Leaf cells may have high salt concentration so lower water potential Root system is deeper
28
The role of the mouth/nose in gaseous exchange?
Air enters through nose and mouth Air filter by nose hairs and mucus to trap dust/bacteria Air is warmed and humidified to match air in the lungs
29
The role of the pharynx in gaseous exchange?
Air enters, it’s an intersection where paths for oesophagus and trachea cross
30
The role of the larynx in gaseous exchange?
Closes during swallowing so food does not enter the trachea
31
The role of the trachea in gaseous exchange?
Supported by c-shaped rings of strong, flexible cartilage to prevent it collapsing
32
The role of the bronchi in gaseous exchange?
Both right and left lead to the lungs Narrower than trachea Supported by rings of cartilage
33
The role of the bronchioles in gaseous exchange?
Numerous narrow branches that divide away from bronchi No cartilage Walls contain smooth muscle and elastic fibre that contract and relax to regulate air flow to the lungs
34
The role of the ciliated epithelial cells in gaseous exchange?
Line the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles Waft to move mucus upwards away from lungs Contain many mitochondria
35
The role of the goblet cells in gaseous exchange?
Secrete mucus onto epithelial lining to trap dust/bacteria
36
The role of the alveoli in gaseous exchange?
Tiny air sacs Increase surface area for gas exchange Covered by capillaries
37
How to work out surface area?
Area x number of sides
38
How to work out volume?
Length x width x height
39
What is Fick’s law?
Diffusion rate= surface area x conc. diff ———————————— Distance
40
How are alveoli adapted in terms of concentration?
Good blood supply, lots of capillaries maintain steep concentration gradient Constant ventilation also maintains steep concentration gradient
41
How are alveoli adapted in terms of distance?
Wall of alveolus is one cell thick Wall of capillary is one cell thick Extracellular matrix contains collagen for support and elastin to allow for stretching and recoil
42
How are alveoli adapted in terms of surface area?
Moist surface area for oxygen to dissolve and diffuse rapidly Type 2 alveolar cells secrete surfactant , reduce surface tension so alveolar don’t collapse
43
There basic ways alveoli are adapted?
Surface area Concentration Distance
44
Features of cardiac muscle?
Never tires Myogenic (contracts involuntarily) Required a large energy supply
45
What valve separates the right ventricle and left ventricle?
Tricuspid
46
What valve separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary
47
What valve separates the left ventricle and the aorta?
Aortic
48
What valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid (mitral)
49
How does blood enter the right atrium?
The superior and inferior vena cava
50
Basic blood flow sequence?
``` Vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left ventricle Aorta Rest of body ```
51
Equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide and water
52
What supplies the cardiac muscle with oxygen and glucose and removes waste co2?
Coronary arteries
53
Name of atrioventricular valves?
Tricuspid | Bicuspid (mitral)
54
Name of semilunar valves?
Pulmonary | Aortic
55
Cardiac cycle sequence?
Atrial systole Ventricular systole Diastole
56
Atrial systole process?
Atria contract Semi-lunar valves closed Atrioventricular valves open Blood forces from ventricles to atria to ventricles
57
Ventricular systole process?
``` Ventricles contract Atria relax Semilunar valves open Atrioventricular valves close Blood is forced into arteries ```
58
Diastole process?
Semilunar valves close due to pressure of blood in arteries Atria and ventricles relax and fill with blood from the veins Atrioventricular valves open, pressure is higher in atria then ventricles
59
Where is the sinoatrial node found?
Right atrium
60
Sinoatrial node function?
Can generate and send on a wave of depolarisation and spreads across the atria causing contraction until it reaches the atrioventricular node
61
Where is the atrioventricular node found?
Bottom of right atrium
62
Atrioventricular node function?
Caused a slight delay to allow ventricles to fill properly
63
Where is the bundle of his found?
In the middle between right and left chambers
64
Where is the perkinje fibre found?
Bottom of ventricles
65
Purkinje fibre function?
Carries message to ventricles cause them to contract so blood flows out into pulmonary artery
66
Order of cardiac coordination?
SAN AVN Bundle of his Perkinje fibres
67
P wave?
Wave of depolarisation spreads over atria from sinoatrial node causing contraction of atria (First small peak)
68
PR interval?
Time taken for wave of depolarisation to reach ventricles | Measured from start of P wave to start of QRS complex
69
What causes first ECG flatline?
Delay at AVN
70
QRS complex?
Wave of depolarisation spreads across both ventricles causing ventricular systole
71
ST segment?
Flat line between end of QRS and T | Gap between end of ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation
72
T wave?
Repolarisation of ventricles - diastole
73
What do 5 big squares on an ECG represent?
1 second
74
What does the vena cavae do?
Veins that bring deoxygenated blood back from the body
75
What does the aorta do?
An artery that carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
76
What do the pulmonary arteries do?
Take deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
77
What do the pulmonary veins do?
Return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
78
Basic cardiac cycle order?
Wave of excitation spreads from SAN across atria Atria contract and pump blood into ventricles Wave reaches the AVN and is delayed Wave transmitted along Purkinje fibres to ventricles Ventricles contract and pump blood into arteries Atria and ventricles relax Atria fills with blood from vena cavae and pulmonary veins

Fundamentals Of Biology (8 decks)

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