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Fundamentals Of Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth
Repair
Asexual reproduction

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2
Q

What is meiosis used for?

A

Gamete production

Genetic variation

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3
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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4
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Four genetically unique haploid daughter cells

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5
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Two copies of each chromosome

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6
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

One copy of each chromosome

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 pairs)

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8
Q

What sex chromosomes do males have?

A

XY

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9
Q

What sex chromosomes do females have?

A

XX

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10
Q

What is a pair of chromosomes called?

A

Homologous pair

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11
Q

What is the name of the stage in mitosis when the cell is not dividing?

A

Interphase

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12
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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13
Q

What is the division of cytoplasm called?

A

Cytokinesis

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14
Q

What happens at interphase?

A

DNA replicates
Organelles replicate
Centrioles replicate
Chromatin is uncoiled

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15
Q

What holds the homologous chromosomes together?

A

The centromere

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16
Q

What happens in prophase of mitosis?

A

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Replicated centrioles move to opposite poles
Spindle fibres (tubulin) begin to form at poles

17
Q

What forms around the centromere and attaches to the spindle fibres during mitosis?

A

A protein complex called the kinetochore

18
Q

What happens during metaphase of mitosis?

A

Kinetochores attach to spindle microtubules

Chromosomes line up along the equator

19
Q

What happens in anaphase of mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart and now called chromosomes
Chromosomes move towards opposite poles of the cell

20
Q

What makes the chromosomes move the opposite poles during anaphase?

A

The microtubules shortening my removing tubulin subunits, called depolymerising

21
Q

What happens in telophase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes have reached the poles and begin to decondense so nucleolus reforms
Nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes at each pole
Spindle breaks down

22
Q

Process of cytokinesis in animal cells?

A 
The cell membrane pinches in the middle to form a cleavage furrow
The cytoskeleton (microfilaments) then continues to pull the membrane inwards
23
Q

Process of cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

Cannot form cleave furrow due to cell wall
Golgi vesicles contain components needed for a new cell wall assemble across the equator (cell plate) and fuse to make a new membrane
New cell walls form on either side of the membrane

24
Q

Where does meiosis take place in humans?

A

Ovaries or testes

25
Q

Why do gametes have half the normal chromosome number?

A

To fuse with another gamete to produce a zygote with the normal number of chromosomes

26
Q

How many times does the cell divide in mitosis?

A

Once

27
Q

How many times does the cell divide in meiosis?

A

Twice

28
Q

What addition processes happen in prophase 1 of meiosis compare to mitosis?

A

Members of homologous pairs find each other and lie close together (process called synapsis)
Non-sister chromatids become so close that they can overlap (called chiasmata) this can lead to crossing over of genetic material

29
Q

What is different about metaphase 1 of meiosis compare to mitosis?

A

The chromosomes line up along the equator in homologous pairs

30
Q

How does genetic variation happen through meiosis? (4)

A

Chiasmata and crossing over of genetic information
Which random arrangement of maternal/paternal chromosomes called independent assortment in metaphase 1
Orientation of each chromosome in metaphase 2
Random fusion of the gametes produced by meiosis

31
Q

How is anaphase 1 in meiosis different to mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids are not separated as there is no division of the centromere

Fundamentals Of Biology (8 decks)

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