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biology a level ocr > exchange and transport > Flashcards

exchange and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

what do organisms need to live

A

oxygen-aerobic respiration
glucose-source of energy
proteins-growth and repair
fats-make membranes and a source of energy
minerals-maintain water potential and enzyme action
removal of waste products

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2
Q

effects of size on an organism

A

bigger the organism the more complex
small organism can do all their exchange through diffusion as they have a high SA:V

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3
Q

main factors affecting the need for a specialised exchange surface

A

size
SA:V
level of activity

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4
Q

affect of SA:V

A

the smaller the SA:V the more cells that need supplies and produce more waste
this means cells to deep for diffusion to occur quick enough

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5
Q

affect of level of activity

A

higher the level of activity the greater the demand for oxygen and other essential minerals
need a extremely specified surface as part of a bigger system

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6
Q

what are some examples of specialised exchange surfaces

A

walls of alveoli in the lungs
small intestine
liver
root hairs of plants
hyphae of fungi

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7
Q

why the lungs are a good specialised surface

A

large SA
lots of alveoli
thin barrier so small diffusion distance
good blood supply
good ventilation

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8
Q

features of alveoli

A

small (0.1mm-0.3mm)
lots of alveoli
thin layer of moisture
lungs produce a surfactant to reduce cohesive forces between water molecules

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9
Q

features of the exchange layer in the lungs

A

1 cell thick
squamous tissue
permeable to CO2 and O2
capillaries are close and narrow
total barrier is 0.001mm thick

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10
Q

features of a good blood supply in the lungs

A

concentration of oxygen is higher in the air than the blood
maintains the concentration gradient

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11
Q

features of the good ventilation in the lungs

A

replaces the air used
removes CO2
maintains a concentration gradient

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12
Q

what happens when you breath in

A

intercostal muscles contract
ribs raise
diaphragm muscles contract
diaphragm moves down
volume of chest increases
air pressure in the lungs is below the pressure of the air outside
air rushes into the lungs

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13
Q

what happens when breathing out

A

intercostal muscles relax
ribs fall
diaphragm muscles relax
diaphragm moves up
volume of chest decreases
air pressure in lungs is above the pressure of the air outside
air rushes out of the lungs

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14
Q

what do airways need to be

A

large
supportive
flexible

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15
Q

where is cartilage found

A

trachea and bronchus

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16
Q

what shape is the cartilage and is it flexible

A

c shape and is flexible

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17
Q

what is the role of ciliated cells

A

to move mucus to the back of the throat

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18
Q

where are ciliated cells found

A

in the trachea and the bronchus and some in the bronchioles

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19
Q

what is the role of elastic fibres

A

to allow the alveoli to recoil to allow o2 in and they help to also push air in and out of the lungs by stretching and recoiling when breathing

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20
Q

where are elastic fibres found

A

in all places of the circulatory system

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21
Q

what is the role of goblet cells

A

to produce mucus to help prevent against pathogens

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22
Q

where are goblet cells found

A

in the trachea, bronchus and some in the bronchioles

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23
Q

how does spirometry work

A

breathe into the tube connected to the chamber
breathing in takes air from the chamber so sinks
breathing out causes air to be pushed into the chamber so it rises
this movement is recorded with data loggers or a trace
do at different breathing rates like at rest, after doing exercise and with deep breaths

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24
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air exchanged in a single normal breath

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25
Q

what is vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that cam be breathed in and out

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26
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

volume of extra air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

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27
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

volume of air that can be forced out after a normal expiration

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28
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air that remains in the lung tissue after forced expiration

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29
Q

what are the problems bony fish have with gas exchange

A

small SA:V
skin is impermeable so gases cant diffuse through
oxygen concentration in water is typically lower than the air

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30
Q

who does the fishes circulatory system work

A

the fish opens its mouth so water flows into the buccal cavity
the fish raises its buccal floor increasing pressure in buccal cavity forcing water over the gills
the fish opens its mouth again so the operculum bulges out increasing the volume of the opercula cavity to decrease pressure so water is drawn over the gills
opercula flaps open so operculum contracts forcing water out and then flaps close again
this cycle then repeats

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31
Q

how does counter current work

A

blood and water flow in opposite directions
blood with the lowest oxygen concentration pass over the water with the lower concentration of oxygen so there is a constant concentration gradient

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32
Q

what do spiracles do in an insects transport system

A

allow air to enter the tracheas where air is transported across the tracheoles

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33
Q

where is the main site of gas exchange in an insects respiratory system

A

between the tracheal fluid and the air in the tracheoles but also directly with the tracheole walls

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34
Q

what supports the trachea

A

chitin which are strengthened rings to stop them from collapsing

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35
Q

what does the movement of wings do to this system

A

it alter the volume of the thorax (upper body) so air is pushed out of the tracheal system

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36
Q

features of a good transport system

A

fluid/medium to catty oxygen and other essential nutrients
a pump to push fluid
exchange surfaces for oxygen to enter fluid
tubes/vessels to carry fluid
in some cases 2 circuits, one for oxygenated blood and one for oxygenated blood

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37
Q

what is the structure of arteries (inside to outside)

A

small lumen
thick endothelium
thick elastic fibres
thick smooth muscle
thick collagen fibres

38
Q

what is the structure of veins (inside to outside)

A

wide lumen
thin endothelium
thin elastic fibres
thin smooth muscle
thin collagen fibres

39
Q

what is the structure of capillaries (inside to outside)

A

narrow lumen
1 cell thick epithelial layer to reduce diffusion distance

40
Q

function of artery

A

carry blood away from the heart

41
Q

function of veins

A

carry blood back to the heart

42
Q

function of capillaries

A

to exchange between blood and tissue fluid

43
Q

adaptations of arteries

A

thick wall to withstand high pressure
lumen is small to maintain high pressure
inner wall folded to expand as blood flow increases

44
Q

adaptations of arteriole

A

layer of smooth muscle to constrict the diameter to increase blood flow
constriction is used to divert the flow of blood to regions demanding more oxygen

45
Q

adaptations of veins

A

lumen is large to ease the flow of blood
thinner layers as they don’t need to stretch
valves to prevent backflow
skeletal muscles applies pressure to force the blood in the direction of the valves

46
Q

adaptations of the venule

A

thin layers of muscle to slow down the blood flow entering the capillaries

47
Q

adaptations of capillaries

A

thin walls to increase diffusion
lumen narrow to help with transfer of oxygen
single layer of squamous epithelial cells to reduce diffusion distance
walls are leaky to allow blood plasma and dissolved substances to leave the blood

48
Q

how diffusion occurs into tissue fluid

A

the arteriole end has a high hydrostatic pressure
ultrafiltration then occurs to allow oxygen and other small minerals through the micro pores
venule side has a low hydrostatic pressure so oxygen and other minerals taken up by the tissue fluid

49
Q

what can not be found in the tissue fluid

A

erythrocytes, most leucocytes, large proteins and platelets

50
Q

what happens at the venule end of the capillaries

A

90% of the tissue fluid returns back into the capillaries carrying waste product e.g. carbon dioxide however 10% of the fluid goes into the lymphatic system

51
Q

what can be found in the lymph vessels

A

proteins that were too large to be in the capillaries
lots of white blood cells

52
Q

what happens to the lymph vessels

A

they all join back up and empty themselves into the 2 large veins in the neck

53
Q

what is the role of lymph nodes

A

the are part of the immune system and contain large numbers of white blood cells which screen the lymph looking for infections

54
Q

what is the hearts function

A

a muscular pump
left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body and the right side pumps deoxygenated blood up to the lungs

55
Q

what is blood pressure

A

cardiac muscle contracts to create pressure
both atria have thin walls to have a low blood pressure as they don’t need to pump the blood far

56
Q

why is the left ventricle thicker than the right

A

blood from right ventricle has less distance to travel and less resistance caused by the pulmonary circulation
the alveoli is so delicate so blood pressure must be low in the pulmonary artery to protect them

57
Q

what are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

diastole
ventricular systole
atrial systole

58
Q

why is the cardiac cycle so important

A

all chambers of the heart must be co-ordinated otherwise it would lead to insufficient pumping

59
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

all events involved in one heat beat

60
Q

what happens at atrial systole

A

atria contracts pushing blood into the ventricles, ventricles remain relaxed

61
Q

what happens at ventricular systole

A

atria relaxes, short delay, ventricles fill with blood
walls of ventricles contact this creates pressure opening the atrio ventricular valves
blood pushed away from the heart through pulmonary artery and the aorta

62
Q

what happens at diastole

A

blood returns to atria from pulmonary vein and vena cava
atria increases in pressure forcing atrio ventricular valves open
pressure is lower than in the aorta than pulmonary vein so semi lunar valves close

63
Q

how does pressure change in the blood vessels

A

-blood enters aorta and pulmonary artery quickly however tissues require blood in an even flow
-artery walls close to the heart have lots of elastic tissue that stretch and recoil
-further the blood flows the less pressure and fluctuations
-pressure gradient between arteries and arterioles keep blood flowing

64
Q

how is the heart co-ordinated

A

muscle in the heart is known as myogenic
muscle responds to changes in electrical charge
don’t require impulse simulation from brain
if contractions aren’t synchronised then it can lead to insufficient pumping

65
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

contact thymically

66
Q

what does the Sino-atrial node do

A

it creates a wave of excitation which spreads across the walls of both atria causing the cardiac muscle to contract. this forces blood through the bicuspid and tricuspid valves into the ventricles

67
Q

what does the atrio-ventricular node do

A

after a short delay it sends a wave of excitation down from the top of the septum through the bundle of his. The tissue at the base of the heart (purkyne tissue) this then causes the ventricles to contract.

68
Q

what is the function of haemoglobin

A

to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

69
Q

what type of protein is haemoglobin

A

globular protein

70
Q

how many subunits does haemoglobin have

A

4 subunits

71
Q

how many haem iron molecules does each haemoglobin gave

A

4 (Fe2+)

72
Q

what does affinity mean

A

the ability to attract oxygen

73
Q

how many oxygen atoms can each haemoglobin bind to

A

8 atoms (4 molecules)

74
Q

what is created when haemoglobin binds to oxygen

A

oxyhaemoglobin

75
Q

what is used to measure the relative amount of O2

A

partial pressure of oxygen or oxygen tension

76
Q

what happens when there is a relatively low amount of O2

A

the haemoglobin doesn’t readily take up O2

77
Q

what happens to the haemoglobin shape when binded to oxygen

A

there is a slight formational change to allow more haemoglobin to react

78
Q

what happens when haemoglobin has 3 molecules

A

oxygen isn’t likely to bind so it is difficult to reach 100% saturation

79
Q

what is the difference in affinity in a mammalian fetus compared to adult haemoglobin and why

A

the affinity is greater as the placenta allows the foetal haemoglobin to absorb oxygen from the surrounding fluid

80
Q

what are the 3 ways CO2 can be transported

A

5% dissolved in the plasma
10% associated with the haemoglobin to create carbaminohaemoglobin
85% is transported as H+ ions

81
Q

what is formed when CO2 is dissolved in water

A

it creates carbonic acid

82
Q

what is the catalyst of the reaction between water and CO2

A

carbonic anhydrase

83
Q

what happens to carbonic acid

A

it releases H+ ions

84
Q

what happens to the H2CO3-

A

it diffuses out of the erythrocyte

85
Q

why does chloride move into the erythrocyte

A

to balance the charges, this is called the chloride shift

86
Q

what happens the H+ ions

A

they bind with the haemoglobin to create haemoglobinic acid

87
Q

what does the erythrocyte do to prevent it becoming acidic

A

the haemoglobinic acts as a buffer by binding to the H+ ions

88
Q

what does a change in pH do to affect the haemoglobin

A

it reduces the affinity of the haemoglobin and can affect its tertiary structure

89
Q

what happens in respiring tissues

A

more CO2 released
more carbonic acid formed
more H+ ions dissociate
more competition for haemoglobin
more oxygen dissociation

90
Q

what is the affect of the Bohr affect

A

the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right

91
Q

what happens to the H+ ions in terms of competition

A

they compete for space taken up by the oxygen on the haemoglobin molecule

92
Q

what happens to the oxygen when CO2 is present

A

hydrogen ions displace the oxygen so the oxyhaemoglobin releases more oxygen into the tissues

biology a level ocr (2 decks)

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