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biology a level ocr > biological molecules > Flashcards

biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens in a condensation reaction

A

water molecules are formed when 2 OH molecules bond together leaving a bond combing the 2 molecules and a oxygen based bond

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2
Q

how does a hydrogen bond form

A

the polarity of the hydrogen and the oxygen create a strong attraction between the molecules

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3
Q

properties of monosaccharides

A

soluble in water
sweet tasting
form crystals

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4
Q

how are monosaccharides grouped

A

3 carbon molecules are triose sugars
5 carbon are known as pentose sugars
6 carbon are known as hexose sugars

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5
Q

what bond does the condensation reaction of glucose make

A

glycosidic bond

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6
Q

what is the difference in shape of an alpha glucose and a beta glucose molecule

A

the hydrogen and the hydroxide on carbon 1 is flipped

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7
Q

what reaction takes place to break the bonds that occur after a condensation reaction

A

hydrolysis

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8
Q

what are the 4 types of carbohydrates

A

starch-amylose
-amylopectin
glycogen
cellulose

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9
Q

features of amylose

A

strait chain
coiled
high energy
found in plants
insoluble in water
made of alpha glucose

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10
Q

features of amylopectin

A

branched chain
high energy
found in plants
insoluble in water
made of alpha glucose

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11
Q

features of glycogen

A

branched chain
made of alpha glucose
found in animals
insoluble in water

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12
Q

features of cellulose

A

-straight chain
-made of beta glucose
-found in plant cell walls
-insoluble in water
-every other beta glucose is flipped to create a hydrogen bond with the chain of cellulose beneath
they are flexible to allow the cell to change shape dependant on the amount of water in the cell

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13
Q

what does alpha glucose combined with alpha glucose make

A

maltose

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14
Q

what does alpha glucose combined with fructose make

A

sucrose

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15
Q

what does alpha glucose and beta glucose make

A

lactose

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16
Q

what does 2 beta glucose make

A

celloboise

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17
Q

what structure does ribose have

A

a pentose sugar

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18
Q

what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

there is no oxygen on carbon 2

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19
Q

what is a bacteria cell wall made of

A

long polysaccharide chains linked up to amino acids

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20
Q

what is the name of the polymer that makes up the bacteria cell wall

A

peptidoglycan

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21
Q

features of lipids

A

non polar
insoluble in water
soluble in alcohols
3 types-triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
macromolecules

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22
Q

what is the main base of a triglyceride

A

glycerol

23
Q

features of fatty acids

A

made up of a hydrocarbon tail and a carboxyl group at the end
hydrocarbon tail can be between 2-20 carbon atoms long

24
Q

what bond is created during the condensation reaction between 2 lipids

A

ester bond

25
Q

what are the features of triglycerides

A

good energy source
good energy store
good insulator
buoyant
good for protection

26
Q

difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid

A

one of the fatty acids are replaced with a phosphorus group

27
Q

what shape do phospholipids form

A

the tails point in and the heads point away to create a bilayer

28
Q

what are the heads made of and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

the phosphorus group
hydrophilic

29
Q

what are the tails made of and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

the fatty acids
hydrophobic

30
Q

what can pass through

A

small non polar particles

31
Q

is cholesterol hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

32
Q

what hormones are made with cholesterol

A

testosterone
oestrogen
vitamin D

33
Q

where is cholesterol made

A

liver

34
Q

what is a good role of cholesterol

A

they can interact with the phospholipid bilayer to increase membrane packing and helps to regulate membrane fluidity

35
Q

what is cholesterol made of

A

steroid alcohol and consists of 4 carbon based rings known as isoprene units

36
Q

what are dipeptides made of

A

2 amino acids bonded together with a peptide bond

37
Q

what bond is found in proteins

A

peptide bond

38
Q

what does amphoteric mean

A

it can be an acid or an alkali

39
Q

what is a buffer solution

A

a solution that returns back to neutral pH

40
Q

how many different amino acids are there

A

20

41
Q

what are the 2 different secondary structures

A

alpha helix
beta pleated sheet

42
Q

features of alpha helix

A

hydrogen bonds between NH group and one amino acid
this occurs every 4 amino acids

43
Q

features of a beta pleated sheet

A

hydrogen bonding with an amino acid further down the chain

44
Q

what other hydrogen bonds form

A

there can be hydrogen bonds that can form between the 2 R groups or between the central hydrogen and the oxygen in the functional group

45
Q

what is the disulphide bridge

A

this occurs between 2 cysteine molecules, strong covalent bonds occur between these molecules

46
Q

what parts of the protein cluster in the centre of protein structure

A

the hydrophobic part

47
Q

what does the effect of the cluster of protein have on its overall shape

A

it creates a twisting shape

48
Q

what is the quaternary shape

A

when more than 1 polypeptide chain are joined together and other non protein groups can also be associated with this

49
Q

what are the properties of water

A

liquid
solid is less dense than my liquid form
good solvent
cohesion between molecules creating a high surface tension
high specific heat capacity
high latent heat

50
Q

advantages of high density of water

A

things can float on it
aquatic animals stay underwater during a freezing winter
ice layers insulate bodies of water stopping them becoming too cold for life

51
Q

advantage of water being a good solvent

A

molecules and ions can be transported easily

52
Q

advantage of water being very cohesive

A

can create a surface bond and can resist forces applied

53
Q

advantage of water having a high specific heat capacity

A

so it doesn’t experience rapid temperature changes

54
Q

advantage of high latent heat of vaporisation

A

needs lots of energy to evaporate water

biology a level ocr (2 decks)

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