biological molecules Flashcards
what happens in a condensation reaction
water molecules are formed when 2 OH molecules bond together leaving a bond combing the 2 molecules and a oxygen based bond
how does a hydrogen bond form
the polarity of the hydrogen and the oxygen create a strong attraction between the molecules
properties of monosaccharides
soluble in water
sweet tasting
form crystals
how are monosaccharides grouped
3 carbon molecules are triose sugars
5 carbon are known as pentose sugars
6 carbon are known as hexose sugars
what bond does the condensation reaction of glucose make
glycosidic bond
what is the difference in shape of an alpha glucose and a beta glucose molecule
the hydrogen and the hydroxide on carbon 1 is flipped
what reaction takes place to break the bonds that occur after a condensation reaction
hydrolysis
what are the 4 types of carbohydrates
starch-amylose
-amylopectin
glycogen
cellulose
features of amylose
strait chain
coiled
high energy
found in plants
insoluble in water
made of alpha glucose
features of amylopectin
branched chain
high energy
found in plants
insoluble in water
made of alpha glucose
features of glycogen
branched chain
made of alpha glucose
found in animals
insoluble in water
features of cellulose
-straight chain
-made of beta glucose
-found in plant cell walls
-insoluble in water
-every other beta glucose is flipped to create a hydrogen bond with the chain of cellulose beneath
they are flexible to allow the cell to change shape dependant on the amount of water in the cell
what does alpha glucose combined with alpha glucose make
maltose
what does alpha glucose combined with fructose make
sucrose
what does alpha glucose and beta glucose make
lactose
what does 2 beta glucose make
celloboise
what structure does ribose have
a pentose sugar
what is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose
there is no oxygen on carbon 2
what is a bacteria cell wall made of
long polysaccharide chains linked up to amino acids
what is the name of the polymer that makes up the bacteria cell wall
peptidoglycan
features of lipids
non polar
insoluble in water
soluble in alcohols
3 types-triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
macromolecules
what is the main base of a triglyceride
glycerol
features of fatty acids
made up of a hydrocarbon tail and a carboxyl group at the end
hydrocarbon tail can be between 2-20 carbon atoms long
what bond is created during the condensation reaction between 2 lipids
ester bond
what are the features of triglycerides
good energy source
good energy store
good insulator
buoyant
good for protection
difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid
one of the fatty acids are replaced with a phosphorus group
what shape do phospholipids form
the tails point in and the heads point away to create a bilayer
what are the heads made of and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic
the phosphorus group
hydrophilic
what are the tails made of and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic
the fatty acids
hydrophobic
what can pass through
small non polar particles
is cholesterol hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
what hormones are made with cholesterol
testosterone
oestrogen
vitamin D
where is cholesterol made
liver
what is a good role of cholesterol
they can interact with the phospholipid bilayer to increase membrane packing and helps to regulate membrane fluidity
what is cholesterol made of
steroid alcohol and consists of 4 carbon based rings known as isoprene units
what are dipeptides made of
2 amino acids bonded together with a peptide bond
what bond is found in proteins
peptide bond
what does amphoteric mean
it can be an acid or an alkali
what is a buffer solution
a solution that returns back to neutral pH
how many different amino acids are there
20
what are the 2 different secondary structures
alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
features of alpha helix
hydrogen bonds between NH group and one amino acid
this occurs every 4 amino acids
features of a beta pleated sheet
hydrogen bonding with an amino acid further down the chain
what other hydrogen bonds form
there can be hydrogen bonds that can form between the 2 R groups or between the central hydrogen and the oxygen in the functional group
what is the disulphide bridge
this occurs between 2 cysteine molecules, strong covalent bonds occur between these molecules
what parts of the protein cluster in the centre of protein structure
the hydrophobic part
what does the effect of the cluster of protein have on its overall shape
it creates a twisting shape
what is the quaternary shape
when more than 1 polypeptide chain are joined together and other non protein groups can also be associated with this
what are the properties of water
liquid
solid is less dense than my liquid form
good solvent
cohesion between molecules creating a high surface tension
high specific heat capacity
high latent heat
advantages of high density of water
things can float on it
aquatic animals stay underwater during a freezing winter
ice layers insulate bodies of water stopping them becoming too cold for life
advantage of water being a good solvent
molecules and ions can be transported easily
advantage of water being very cohesive
can create a surface bond and can resist forces applied
advantage of water having a high specific heat capacity
so it doesn’t experience rapid temperature changes
advantage of high latent heat of vaporisation
needs lots of energy to evaporate water
