Exceptional Learners Test #1 Flashcards
define a handicap
a disadvantage that is imposed upon a person
define a disability
an inability to do something; a functional limitation or impairment
exceptional learners are individuals who because of uniqueness in…
Sensory
physical
neurological
temperament
intellectual capacity
in nature/range of a previous experience
an exceptional learner requires…
adaptation of some sort of the learning program in order to maximize their functioning level
when did the tern exceptional learner originate
the latter part of the 20th century to replace handicapped
a disability may or may not be a…
handicap
why study exceptional learners?
to understand
the study of exceptionalities..
- improves overall effectiveness as an educator
- assists in creation of inclusive, welcoming, safe learning environments
children with exceptionalities are more…
similar than they are different
to study exceptional learners, we must study both
similarities and differences to have greater awareness for all learners
the study of exceptionalities originally focused only on…
differences
what was a misconception of only focusing on differences
teaching students with exceptionalities was not possible
what does misunderstanding and lack of awareness do
prevent success
what must we focus on with exceptional learners
abilities while acknowledging and understanding
what must we be careful of as educators
to not impose handicaps on students
what are students with exceptionalities classified as in NB
students who require education support and/or services in order to reach their full potential
what section of the NB Act are exceptional students classified in?
12
how can intervention take form as
medical, technical, social, emotional, therapeutic, or educational
what are teachers in NB with specialized knowledge in expceptionalities called?
Educational Support Teachers-Resource (EST-R)
what is the range of service delivery in Canada
Segregated to Inclusive
what are some examples of segregated delivery
self contained classroom, special school, hospital/home
what are some examples of inclusive delivery
regular classroom, resource and classroom combined, and consultation with teacher
what does LRE stand for
Least Restrictive Environment
explain the LRE
students with exceptionalities educated in an environment that is least restrictive to them; separated as little as possible
what are the supports provided in NB’s inclusive model
within regular classroom, combination of resource room and classroom, and/or by consultations
explain the three levels of EST-R
- Direct (provided directly to student by EST-R)
- Indirect (EST-R provides services to teachers/staff who works with the student)
- None (student does not receive any support)
what is the prevalence rate of students diagnosed with exceptionalities
16%
what language should we use when we refer to disabilities
person first
what did the study of exceptional learners evolve from
scientists, doctors, human rights and social activists
Who is Phillipe Pinel
a french doctor from the 1800s, contributed to the classification of mental disorders
who is Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
a french doctor from the 1800’s, specialized in ear disorders and developed the Eustachian Catheter
who is Dorthea Dix
an american educator and social reformer who fought to improve conditions in prisons and for those with mental illness
who is Edouard Seguin
a french doctor from the 1900s who worked with children with very low intelligence, he promoted exercices to strengthen the body and develop sensorimotor coordination and improving skills
who is Elizabeth Farrel
a NY teacher from the 1900s who advocated for special education as a field of its own; one of the founders of Council for Exceptional Children
what began to form in the 1950’s
Parent Advocacy Groups
explain what came from the 1960’s civil rights movement
resulted in many changes in how those with differences were treated, serviced and understood
explain what came from the 1970’s USA Laws created
Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Education for all Handicapped Children Act
explain what came from the 1980’s Canadian Legislation
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (guaranteed equality to persons with disabilities)
what evidence has been found for labelling
evidence supports both negative and positive effects
explain the UDL
designing lessons appropriate for all learners with accommodations built into the representation (materials), Expression (communication, and Engagement (responses)
explain Transition Programming
planning for transitions for those with disabilities
low-incidence, severe disabilities
high-incidence, milder disabilities
Explain Response to Intervention (RTI)
Basic/Tier 1: general core instruction
Moderate/Tier 2: targeted instructions
Intense/Tier 3: intensive intervention
explain strength based and person centred planning
helps students identify, articulate, and apply individual skills relevant to learning needs; learn to use strengths for learning
explain assistive technology
any item, piece of equipment, software program, or product that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of persons with disabilities
explain targeted instruction
use of data to identify and categorize specific needs than apply them directly to target those needs
explain collaborative practice
drawing upon strengths and skills of others to serve best interests of students
what is vital in school success
a collaborative and positive working connection with families
what are the 7 stages families of students with exceptionalities may go through
- shock
- disruption
- denial
- sadness
- anxiety/fear
- anger
- adaption/acceptance
what is the key to families who experience any of the 7 stages
understand and accept parental ascendance through the stages of adjustment is a normal process and support them through it
siblings of children with exceptionalities also endure…
stress and change`
ensure to not put siblings in the role of…
parent
how can you enhance family collaborations
include planning sessions
do not judge
ask their opinion
positive calls home
keep them informed
be patient through stages
speech and language disorders include:
conditions that disrupt the child’s ability to communicate
what is the basic difference between speech and language disorders
language: the words we use to share ideas and get what we want and need
speech: how we say words
what are the two main types of language disorders
- Expressive (child struggles to get their meaning across to others)
- Receptive (child struggles to understand/process info received from others)
- Combination
what are the two classifications of language disorders
- Primary (no clear known cause)
- Secondary (result from effects of a known primary condition
what is primary language disorder also referred to as
developmental Language disorder
what is aphasia
difficulty understanding/speaking language due to a brain injury/disease
what are some possible underlying sources for primary language disorders (4)
difficulty during pregnancy/birth
low birth weight/premature
poor nutrition
genetic link
define a speech disorder
when there is an impairment in articulation of speech sounds, fluency, and/or voice
how are sounds produced
through oral mechanism of the lips, tongue, vocal chords, and related structures
what are the 4 classifications of speech disorders
- Fluency (stuttering)
- Speech Sound Disorder (articulation/motor speech)
- Voice Disorder (spasmodic dysphasia/vocal chords)
- Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder (challenges moving face, tongue muscles, and mouth)
what is CAS
Childhood Apraxia of Speech
a motor speech brain condition that affects some children as they learn to speak (know what they want to say but cant say it)
what are causes of speech disorders
most have no known cause, some are secondary to a primary condition
what is the prevalence rate of speech and language disorders in school aged kids
6-42.7%; male to female ratio is 2:1
what are some treatment options for speech-language disorders?
early identification and interventions
some respond to treatments for primary issues
what are SLP’s
Speech Language Pathologists
provide services if diagnosing and intervention to lessen the impact of a communication disorder
what are some services provided by SLP’s
S-L assessment, intervention, therapy
what are the 4 areas impacted by S-L disorders (one example of each)
- Academic Performance (difficulty organizing ideas)
- Social Interaction (reluctant to interact with others)
- Cognitive Functioning (slow responding)
- Behaviour (high level of frustration)
what does ADHD stand for
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
what are the 3 symptom categories of ADHD
- ADHD Predominately Inattentive
- ADHD Predominately Hyperactive Impulsive
- ADHD Combined
what category of ADHD symptoms is considered most severe
ADHD Combined
what does the APA criteria for diagnosis for ADHD involve
assessing behaviours in various contexts
how many symptoms must persist in order to be diagnosed with ADHD
6 or 5 for people over 17
what are two examples of symptoms under the Inattentive type of ADHD
forgets daily tasks
has problems staying focused on tasks/activities
what are two examples of symptoms under the Hyperactive/Impulsive type of ADHD
not able to stay seated
has difficulty waiting turn
what is the prevalence rate of school aged population for ADHD
5.9% ratio is 5:1 male to female
what are the 5 components for accurate diagnosis of ADHD
- DSM Criteria
- Observations
- Teacher, Parent, Other Rating Scales
- Media Exam (ruling out other issues)
- Clinical Interview with Parents and Child
students with ADHD often exhibit what effect
Doctors Office Effect
their symptoms done appear as obvious in formal 1:1 setting in doctors office, they appear fine with no evidence of ADHD
what is the most evidence based theory on causes for ADHD
neurological differences
what are the 5 types of brain differences
- Frontal Lobes
- Basil Ganglia
- Cerebellum
- Corpus Callosum
- Brain Stem
explain the frontal lobes
smaller right front area of brain would cause ADHD
explain basil ganglia
deep within the brain; controls motor behaviours and coordination; smaller right structure would cause ADHD
explain the cerebellum
organ at base of brain that coordinates bodily movements; smaller in size and fewer structural linkages cause ADHD
explain the corpus callosum
tissue that connects left and right sides of brain; middle area of corpus callosum causes ADHD
explain the brain stem
area that serves as relay for production and use of neurotransmitters; functions differently in those with ADHD
issues in the brain stem would result in high or low levels of…
an imbalance of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin
explain serotonin in terms of ADHD
involved with inhibitory response control (reduced levels = reduction in sustained attention; more impulsiveness
explain dopamine in terms of ADHD
involved in movement, motivation, mood, attention
explain norepinephrine in terms of ADHD
involved in regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions
how can medication assist with ADHD with norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels
either by blocking their reuptake, blocking their receptors, or blocking their transporters
in terms of ADHD, stimulants…
enhance the dopamine and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft
in terms of ADHD, non-stimulants…
block effects of dopamine and norepinephrine through their receptors
what are some examples of stimulants
Vyvanse, Concerta, Ritalin
what are some example of non-stimulants
Stattera, clondine
what are some more effective non-medical treatments for ADHD
behaviour modification
executive functioning coaching (goal setting)
aerobic exercise (increases neurotransmitter production)
self awareness of type of ADHD
what are some less effective non-medical treatments for ADHD
neurofeedback training (learning about their brain waves and how to control them)
assistive tech (apps, online calendars, screen readers, talking calculators)
what are some other theories on the cause of ADHD
hereditary factors
fetal toxin exposure
medical issues ADHD would be secondary to
what are casual myths of ADHD
sugar
tv and video games
food additives/colouring
children with ADHD have not yet shown long term change or cure by altering…
diet or avoiding games/tv
what is one example of ADHD educational intervention and strategies for Hyperactivity
try to be fidget friendly
what is one example of ADHD educational intervention and strategies for Impulsivity
provide a structures environment and dependable routine
what is one example of ADHD educational intervention and strategies for Inattention
give one task at a time and break longer tasks into smaller and more manageable parts
