EXAMS/QUIZZES Flashcards
Random mutations or genetic recombination or can be Phenotypic plasticity due to environment
true
Genetic drift can introduce new alleles to population
false, gene flow
____ consists of an organism and all of its descendants
clade
____ speciation occurs when two groups of the same species live in the same geographic location, but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed and are considered different species.
sympatric
In genetic drift, all characteristics of an organism contribute to its fitness
false
Natural selection may happen when there is a change in allele frequency
true
___ is a study of phylogenetic relationships based on shared or derived traits
cladistics
____ is a grouping in which all species share a common ancestor, and all species derived from that common ancestor are included
monophyletic
A random variation in the FREQUENCY of alleles in the gene pool of a population is ___
drift
____ is a process of change, a long term adaptation that result in the change of the structure and behavior of an organism
evolution
Founder effect happens when there is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a large population
true
_____ refers to an evolutionary line of descent and can be determined by comparing sequences in
different species.
phylogeny
A mechanism by which organisms adjust to new
environments or to changes in their current environment is ___
adaptation
Peripatric speciation may be caused by an extreme
case of geographic isolation where only a few individuals are isolated
true
The formation of each new branch in a cladogram is
a microevolutionary event
false, macroevolution
____ is a process within evolution that leads to the formation of new distinct species that are reproductively isolated from one another
speciation
Genetic drift can increase genetic differences between population
true
___ the process through which populations of living
organisms adapt and change
natural selection
Environmental changes in the habitat causes adaptation that leads to evolution.
true
Character/s of comparison found common in both groups is considered ___
primitive trait
The species equally related to all members of the group of interest is considered as ingroup.
false, outgroup
Artificial speciation refers to intentional breeding of desired morphological and genotypic traits thus creating a new distinct species.
true
____ group which does not share an immediate common ancestor
polyphyletic
Peripatric speciation occurs when populations are separated not by geographical barrier.
false, sympatric
____ is the study of biodiversity with phylogenetic relationships among organisms
systematics
Phylograms are similar to cladograms, however branch lengths may differ according to the length of time since speciation
true
___ consist of character/s present in immediate ancestor and earlier ancestor.
symplesiomorphy
Darwin’s theory of natural selection to explain evolution is also known as ___
descent with modification
Analogous structures are similar structures in organisms with shared ancestry
false, homologous
It represents the number of changes that have
occurred in the branch
branch length
A group of two or more taxa or DNA sequences that includes both their common ancestor and all of their descendants
monophyletic group
the common ancestor of all taxa
root node
two descendants that split from the same node
sister group
the branching patterns of the tree
topology
homoplasy is a misleading similarity
true
an advocate of special creaiton and fixity of species
Georges Cuvier
he suggested descent with modification
Count Buffon
scala natura
Carolus Linnaeus
proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics
Lamarck
developed the modern Theory of Evolution
Charles Darwin
the similarity in function can deduce this concept
analogy
adaptation - Hibernation of bears during winter to escape the cold temperature and preserve their energy
behavioral adaptation
adaptation - Blubber of a penguin to protect itself from a freezing temperature
structural adaptation
adaptation - Venom production of a snake to wad off predator
physiological adaptation
a ladder of life, with humans at the top
scala naturae
The phylogenetic tree tells us how species are related to one another.
true
Rooted tree specifies the relationship among species without identifying a common ancestor, or evolutionary path
false, unrooted
The evolutionary process of modification of structures in order to become adjusted to a mode of life of a particular environment
adaptation
The formation of new species from pre-existing ones due to geographical isolation of a population from other populations of the same species
allopatric speciation
This acts as the selection pressure or screening process of evolution
habitat
A change in the genetics of the population over time
evolution
Synapomorphic traits or characteristics are present in the immediate ancestor only but not in the earliest ancestor
true
He published De Humani Corporis Fabrica
Andreas Vesalius
Developed the concept of homology and
analogy
Sir Richard Owen
His teaching was particularly famous for his ability to draw with both hands at once while still continuing to talk
Louis Radolphe Agassiz
He assembled all available Greek anatomical writings and added some of his own dissectionof apes
Galen
traits of characteristics of organisms has evolved within the group of related organisms that were not present in the ancestor
derived traits
This period highlights human civilization
holocene
The first human-like creatures occurred
pliocene
Modern human occurred in this period
pleistocene
Ape-like features and grazing mammals appeared in this period
miocene
serves as the basis of the classification of organisms in a given taxon
presumed homologies
Birds and bats both have wings, while mice and crocodiles do not. Therefore, birds and bats are more closely related to one another than do mice and crocodiles
false
Basic architectural plan/archetype
Pierra Belon
Circulation of blood ; advocated for the study of comparative anatomy
William Harvey
Compared the anatomies of animals ; published Historie Naturelle
Louise Jean-Marie Daubenton
Published a book on the anatomy of stomachs and
intestines of several different species
Nehemiah Grew
Systema naturae ; father of taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
Created the scientific division between vertebrata and invertebrata ; Philosophie Zoologique
Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck
(3) issues of evolution in Philosophie Zoologique
spontaneous generation
progressive change
need itself produces evolutionary change
First extensive writing in comparative anatomy
Historie Naturelle
(6) things Georges Cuvier is known for
- Founder of comparative anatomy and paleontology
- Species are immutable
- Species must be studied as functional whole
- Natural history of fishes
- “catastrophism”
- Advocated for special creation and fixity of species
Introduced the concept of “survival of the fittest”
Alfred Russel Wallace
Introduced the concept of homology and analogy ; Archeopteryx provided evidences of evolution ; Archetype/ideal original pattern
Sir Richard Owen
Known for being able to draw with both hands while
talking
Louise Radolphe Agassiz
Published the De Humani Corporis Fabrica
Andreas Vesalius
Evolution of the vertebrate skull
Thomas Huxley
Embryonic development of animals, worked with Charles Darwin ; mammalian egg
Karl Ernst von Baer
Biogenetic law
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
Published a 44-volume catalog of all animals and plants ; suggested descent with modification ; suggested the possibility of evolution
Count Georges Buffon
Uniformitarianism , rates and change are constant ;
earth
Charles Lyell
Is the morphological, physiological, biochemical, behavioral, and other properties exhibited by an organism ; determined by its genes and environment
phenotype
fundamental principle
there was a common descent of all organisms (modification of existing lines)
relatedness
fundamental principle
differences among organisms(random mutations/genetic recombination or can be phenotypic plasticity due to environment).
variation
fundamental principle
the survivability of the organism(reproduction rate, passing of its genetic characteristic to the next generation)
fitness
fundamental principle
organisms with better adaptive characteristic will survive until they become sexually mature to reproduce (selection factors – envt. Factors that affect reproduction success)
selection
fundamental principle
random variation in the FREQUENCY of alleles in the gene pool of a population.
drift
Darwin’s (4) postulates
- MORE YOUNG ARE PRODUCED each generation than can survive to reproduce
- Individuals in a population VARY IN THEIR CHARACTERITICS
- The differences among individuals are BASED ON GENETIC DIFFERENCE
- Individuals wit some characteristics survive and reproduce better HAVE HIGHER FITNESS than do individuals with other characteristics
Key components to the process of natural selection
- Inherited variation exists within the population
- Competition results from an overproduction of
offsprings - Environmental pressures lead to differential
reproduction - Adaptation that benefit survival are selected for
- Genotype frequency changes across generations
- Evolution occurs within the population
Pattern of speciation where evolution acts to create a new species , straight line, no splitting , rare
anagenesis/phyletic evolution
Pattern of speciation that arises from a splitting
event , formation of a new branch , much more
common
cladogenesis/speciation
Integral to the process of speciation occurs due to
reproductive barriers
reproductive barriers
Taxonomy literally means ___, it is the science of
classifying organisms
arrangement law
(6) principles in the ICZN
- Principle of binomial nomenclature
- Principle of priority
- Principle of coordination
- Principle of first revisers
- Principle of homonymy
- Principle of typification
developed the concepts of homology and analogy
Richard Owenatu
natural selection
Charles Darwin
theory of use and misuse
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
